Psychopathology Exam 2

autism spectrum disorder

deficits in social communication and restricted/repetitive behaviors

autism spectrum disorder prevalence

common, increasing identification

autism spectrum disorder course

lifelong, symptoms vary in severity

autism spectrum disorder causes

genetic factors and early brain development differences

autism spectrum disorder treatment

behavioral interventions (applied behavior analysis), social skills training

applied behavior analysis

structured behavioral therapy using reinforcement to build skills

social/pragmatic communication disorder

social communication deficits without repetitive behaviors

social/pragmatic communication disorder vs autism spectrum disorder

social/pragmatic communication disorder lacks restricted/repetitive behaviors

intellectual disability

deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive functioning

intellectual disability levels

mild, moderate, severe, profound

mild intellectual disability

most common, can live semi-independently

moderate intellectual disability

needs support with daily living

severe intellectual disability

requires extensive support

profound intellectual disability

requires constant care

intellectual disability causes

genetic conditions, prenatal factors, perinatal complications

intellectual disability course

lifelong, early intervention improves functioning

intellectual disability treatment

skills training, educational support, behavioral interventions

ADHD

inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity

ADHD prevalence

common in children, persists into adulthood

ADHD course

symptoms may change but often continue into adulthood

ADHD causes

genetic factors and brain development differences

ADHD treatment

stimulants, behavioral therapy, parent training

ADHD stimulants

increase dopamine/norepinephrine; risks: appetite loss, insomnia

ADHD non-stimulants

affect norepinephrine; risks: fatigue, blood pressure changes

ADHD adult treatment

medication and CBT for organization/time management

specific learning disorder

difficulty in reading, writing, or math

specific learning disorder causes

genetic factors and brain processing differences

specific learning disorder treatment

academic accommodations and skills training

conduct disorder

persistent violation of rights/social norms

conduct disorder symptoms

aggression, property destruction, deceit/theft, rule violations

conduct disorder course

can progress to antisocial personality disorder

conduct disorder causes

genetic risk and harsh/inconsistent parenting and environment

conduct disorder treatment

behavioral therapy, parent management training

oppositional defiant disorder

angry/irritable mood and defiant behavior

oppositional defiant disorder vs conduct disorder

oppositional defiant disorder lacks aggression/serious rule violations

oppositional defiant disorder causes

parenting style, temperament, family conflict

oppositional defiant disorder treatment

parent training, behavioral interventions

causes of childhood disorders

genetics, neurodevelopment, parenting, environment

medical treatment of childhood disorders

meds used cautiously; behavioral therapy first-line

behavior modification

changing behavior through reinforcement/punishment

law of effect

behaviors followed by satisfaction are repeated

positive reinforcement

adding something to increase behavior

negative reinforcement

removing something to increase behavior

positive punishment

adding something to decrease behavior

negative punishment

removing something to decrease behavior

principles of reinforcement

consistency increases learning

continuous reinfrocement

reinforce every time; fast learning, fast extinction

intermittent reinforcement

reinforce sometimes; slower extinction

variable ratio

high, steady responding

fixed interval

behavior increases near reinforcement time

variable interval

steady, moderate responding

punishment limitations

does not teach alternative behaviors

corporal punishment

not recommended; increases aggression/anxiety

recommended discipline

reinforcement and consistent consequences

behavioral parent training

teaches reinforcement and structure

token economy

points/tokens exchanged for rewards

time-out

brief removal from reinforcement

shaping

reinforcing successive approximations of behavior

modeling

learning by observing others

extinction

behavior decreases when reinforcement stops

generalization

behavior transfers to new situations

discrimination

behavior occurs only in specific situations

functional behavior assessment

identifies triggers and consequences

differential reinforcement

reinforce desired behavior, ignore undesired

parent-child interaction therapy

coaching parents in real time

social skills training

teaches communication and interaction skills

school accommodations

structured environment, clear expectations

early intervention

improves outcomes for autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disorder

multimodal ADHD treatment

medication, behavioral and school support

risk factors for behavioral disorders

family conflict, inconsistent discipline, trauma