APWH Vocab

Big Bang theory

Suggests all matter was once in a single point, marking the universe's start.

Cultural imperialism

Imposing one's culture on others, often by powerful societies.

Environmentalism

Ideology focusing on environmental concerns.

European Economic Community

Formed in 1957, evolved into the European Union in 1994.

UN General Assembly

United Nations organ with equal representation for all member nations.

Global warming

Refers to Earth's rising average temperature due to human greenhouse gas emissions.

Globalization of democracy

Spread of democracy worldwide.

Green Revolution

Initiatives boosting agriculture production globally.

International Monetary Fund

Established in 1944 to promote market economies and growth.

Islamic renewal

Revival of Islamic religion since the 1970s.

North American Free Trade Agreement

Regional alliance founded in 1993 by Canada, Mexico, and the US.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Military alliance for mutual defense signed in 1949.

Non-governmental organization

Independent organizations not part of governments or businesses.

HIV/AIDS epidemic

Widespread virus affecting the immune system since 1981.

Ebola epidemic

Outbreak caused by the Ebola virus, leading to numerous deaths.

Influenza epidemic

H1N1 influenza outbreak from 1918 to 1920, causing millions of deaths.

Post-modernism

Late 20th Century movement in arts, architecture, and criticism.

Second-wave feminism

Feminist movement focusing on various inequalities.

UN Security Council

UN organ responsible for international peace and security.

Theory of relativity

Einstein's theory on space, time, and the speed of light.

Third World

Countries not aligned with the US or Soviet Union.

Transnational corporations

Organizations with facilities in multiple countries.

United Nations

Established in 1945 to address global issues.

Weapon of mass destruction

Capable of causing mass casualties and destruction.

World Bank

Provides loans to developing countries to reduce poverty.

World Trade Organization

Settles international trade disputes since 1995.

Nongovernmental organizations

Independent organizations like Green Peace.

NATO

Military alliance formed in 1949 for collective security.

Women's Rights and Fertility

Improved birth control leading to declining fertility rates.

Diseases associated with poverty

Malaria, tuberculosis, cholera affecting populations.

Debates about the environment

Deforestation, desertification, and resource competition.

Greenhouse gases

Gases causing climate change like carbon dioxide.

Knowledge Economies

Growth dependent on information accessibility.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Trade alliance in Southeast Asia.

Economic Liberalization

Changes limiting state power and promoting market in economies.

Manufacturing economies

Industrial production shifting to Asia and Latin America.

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights

1948 declaration protecting human rights.

Negritude Movement

African descent expression of pride in heritage.

Liberation theology

Catholic movement fighting injustice.

Global Feminism

Addressing gender inequality globally.

US Civil Rights Act of 1965

Legislation ending segregation and discrimination.

Apartheid

Former South African laws segregating races.

Greenpeace

International organization for environmental conservation.

Greenbelt Movement

Kenyan NGO focusing on conservation and development.

World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO)

Global network promoting fair trade.

Global Culture

Common behavioral standards, symbols, and values worldwide.

Global Consumerism

Online commerce and global brands.

Weibo

Chinese social media platform.

Resistance to Globalization

Protests against IMF and World Bank.

Globalization

Worldwide actions or processes.

Colonial Metropole

Area where colonized people immigrate.

Pastoralists

Semi-nomadic herders.

Patriarchy

System where men hold power.

Social Stratification

Ranking people in society.

Metallurgy

Working with metals.

Monotheism

Belief in one god.

Polytheism

Belief in multiple gods.

Shamanism

Practice involving special individuals and spirits.

Animism

Belief natural objects have souls.

Judaism

Religion with one god and ethical code.

Vedas

Ancient Hindu sacred texts.

Hinduism

Religion with reincarnation belief.

Monasticism

Withdrawal for faith devotion.

Commodity

Valuable product.

Legitimacy

Acceptance of authority.

Caste System

Social categories determining occupation and status.

Mandate of Heaven

Chinese belief in

Srivijaya

Malay kingdom dominating the Straits of Malacca between 600 and 1075 CE, gained power through trade and Indian influences.

Angkor Wat

Hindu and Buddhist temple complex in Cambodia, the largest religious monument globally.

Swahili Coast

Emerged in the 8th century from a blend of Bantu, Islamic, and Indian Ocean trade elements.

Great Zimbabwe

Trading center and capital of a large state in modern Zimbabwe, built between 1250 and 1450.

Trans-Saharan Trade

Trade route across the Sahara desert, facilitated the spread of Islam.

Mali Empire

Traded gold and salt, embraced Islam, notably under Mansa Musa's rule.

Song Dynasty

Chinese dynasty (960 - 1279 CE) known for inventions like the compass, paper money, and moveable type printing.

Hangzhou

Capital of the later Song dynasty, a major trading hub with a population exceeding 1 million.

Foot binding

Chinese practice during the Song dynasty to restrict women's movement by mutilating their feet.

Tribute system

Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands, requiring tribute payment to the Chinese emperor.

Quran

Holy book of Islam.

Pillars of Islam

Core practices required of Muslims, including prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage.

Jizya

Extra tax paid by Christians and Jews in Muslim communities.

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan scholar and traveler who extensively documented his journeys across Islamic lands.

Timbuktu

Mali trading city known for wealth, learning, and Islam.

Mansa Musa

Mali ruler known for his extravagant pilgrimage to Mecca, showcasing the empire's wealth.

House of Wisdom

Library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad in the 800s.

Roman Catholic Church

Split from the Eastern Orthodox Church in 1054, with the Pope as its head.

Serfdom

Feudal labor system where workers are bound to the land in exchange for protection.

Feudal Europe

Decentralized governance in Western Europe with powerful lords and manors dominating life.

Crusades

Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians to reclaim Jerusalem from Muslim rule.

Mongols

Central Asian people who created the largest land empire in history through rapid conquests.

Delhi Sultanate

First Islamic government in India from 1206-1520, leading to religious tensions.

Malacca

Port city in Malaysia founded around 1400 as a trading hub on the Strait of Malacca.

Inca

Andean empire controlling the Pacific coast of South America, known for its road network and the mita system.

Ottoman Empire

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia, based in Istanbul from 1453-1922, encompassing lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

Devshirme System

Ottoman practice of conscripting boys from Christian families for the Janissary soldiers or bureaucracy.

Mughal Empire

Muslim state in India that expanded using gunpowder in the 16th and 17th centuries, known for religious tolerance.

Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires, along with the Qing Dynasty, utilizing gunpowder militarily.

Suleiman the Magnificent

Illustrious Ottoman sultan (r. 1520-1566) who significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.

Akbar the Great

Mughal emperor known for religious tolerance and creating a strong central government.

Safavid Empire

Turkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, declaring Iran a Shi'ite state.

Bureaucracy

Large governmental organization composed of appointed officials.