APWH Vocab
Big Bang theory
theory which suggests that at some moment all matter in the universe was contained in a single point, which is considered the beginning of the universe
cultural imperialism
the practice of promoting or imposing one's culture on another, usually between powerful societies and less-powerful ones
environmentalism
ideology which regards the environmental concerns
European Economic Community
EEC; also known as the Common Market; founded in 1957; originally consisted of Italy, France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg; expanded membership to almost all of Europe, including former communist states; renamed the European Union in 1994
UN General Assembly
one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation; oversee the budget of the United Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council, receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions
global warming
term which refers to the continuing rise in the average temperature of Earth's climate system; viewed as a result of human emissions of greenhouse gases
globalization of democracy
the spread of democracy throughout the world
Green Revolution
a series of research, and development, and technology transfer initiatives, occurring between the 1940s and the late 1960s, that increased agriculture production worldwide, particularly in the developing world
International Monetary Fund
IMF; established in 1944 by the Bretton Woods Conference in New Hampshire; sought to promote market economies, free trade, and high growth rates
Islamic renewal
also referred to as Islamic revival; refers to a renewing of the Islamic religion throughout the Islamic world, that began roughly sometime in 1970s; sought greater religious piety and a growing adoption of Islamic culture
North American Free Trade Agreement
NAFTA; regional alliance founded in 1993 and consists of Canada, Mexico, and the United States; the world's second largest free-trade zone
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NATO; a military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed in 1949; alliance in which its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party; consists of 28 member states across North America and Europe
non-governmental organization
NGO; an organization that is neither a part of a government nor a conventional for-profit business
HIV/AIDS epidemic
epidemic which was first discovered in 1981 among homosexual men and intravenous drug users in New York and San Francisco; eventually became widespread around the world, particularly sub-Saharan Africa; virus attacks and destroys the immune system, which causes a fatal disorder in the immune system; spread through sexual contact with an infected person, contact with contaminated blood, and transmission from mother to child
during pregnancy and breastfeeding
ebola epidemic
an epidemic caused by the Ebola virus; symptoms include fever, throat and muscle pains, headaches, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, and decreased functioning of the liver and kidneys; an 2014 outbreak in West Africa has led to a reported 142 deaths
influenza epidemic
an epidemic caused by the H1N1 influenza virus; lasted from 1918 to 1920; resulted in 50 to 100 million deaths, ranking it one of the most deadliest natural disasters in human history
post-modernism
a late 20th Century movement in the arts, architecture, and criticism; includes skeptical interpretations of culture, literature, art, philosophy, history, economics, architecture, fiction, and literary criticism
second-wave feminism
a period of feminist activity that first began in the United States in the early 1960s and eventually spread throughout the Western world; later became a worldwide movement that was strong in Europe and parts of Asia, such as Turkey and Israel; focused on sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive rights, and various legal and de facto inequalities
UN Security Council
one of the six principal organs of the United Nations; in charge of the maintenance of international peace and security; this body is able to establish peacekeeping operations, establish international sanctions, and authorize military action through resolutions; the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions to member states
theory of relativity
theory which is composed of special relativity and general relativity; proposed by Albert Einstein; proposes that measurements of various quantities are relative to the velocities of observers, space and time should be considered together and in relation to each other (Spacetime), and the speed of light is constant
Third World
term which describes the countries that did not align with the Soviet Union or the United States
transnational corporations
a.k.a multi-national corporation; an organization that owns or controls production or services facilities in one or more countries other than its home country
United Nations
organization established in 1945 as a successor to the League of Nations; attempts to find solutions to global problems and deal with virtually any matter of concern to humanity
weapon of mass destruction
WMD; a weapon which has the capability to kill large numbers of people and decimate large swaths of land
World Bank
a United Nations international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs; its primary goal is to reduce poverty
World Trade Organization
WTO; established in 1994 by the 123 members of GATT; took over GATT activities in 1995; developed into a forum for settling international trade disputes
nongovernmental organizations
Organizations that are not established or associated with any specific organizations. They may be recognized, however, they run on their own. Examples are Green Peace and Amnesty International.
NATO
An international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security.
Women's Rights and Fertility
more effective forms of birth control and greater control over fertility have led to declining rates of fertility in much of the world
Diseases associated with poverty
malaria, tuberculosis, cholera have had significant effects on populations around the world.
Debates about the environment
deforestation, desertification, decline in supply of fresh water have led to humans competing for resources more intensely than before
Greenhouse gases
Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect. These have caused climate change around teh world
Knowledge Economies
an economy in which growth is dependent on the quantity, quality, and accessibility of the information available, rather than the means of production.
examples) Japan, US, Finland
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
a trade alliance that promotes trade and economic integration among member nations in Southeast Asia
Economic LIberalization
Changes consistent with liberalism that aim to limit the power of the state and increase the power of the market and private property in an economy
examples) US under Ronald Reagan
Britain under Margaret Thatcher
China under Deng Xiaoping
Chile under Augusto Pinochet
Manufacturing economies
increasingly industrial production has been moved in Asia and Latin America as other nations turn to knowledge based economies
Asia examples--Vietnam, Bangladesh
Latin America--Mexico, Honduras
UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• International declaration of human right. this declaration was the first basic document to outline "human rights".it was passed by the united nations in 1948 and announced " a common standard of achievement for all people and nations". sought to protect women, children, and refugees
Negritude Movement
movement in which writers and artists of African descent expressed pride in their African heritage
Liberation theology
a movement within the Catholic church to understand Christianity from the perspective of the poor and oppressed, with a focus on fighting injustice
Global Feminism
women living in low-income nations of the world experience gender inequality and a disadvantaged position in the global economic system
US Civil Rights Act of 1965
social movements in the U.S. where they want to end segregation and discrimination against blacks and it helps secure and protect the rights of citizens and citizenship within the laws
apartheid
Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.
Greenpeace
an international organization that works for environmental conservation and the preservation of endangered species
Greenbelt Movement
is an indigenous grassroots non-governmental organisation based in Nairobi, Kenya that takes a holistic approach to development by focusing on environmental conservation, community development and capacity building. created by Professor Wangari Maathai in Kenya
World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO)
is a global network of fair trade organizations and a resources for locating vendors and products- create opportunities for economically disadvantaged producers, develop producers independence, fair pricing, gender equity, safe working environments and practices
Global Culture
behavioral standards, symbols, values, and material objects that have become common across the globe
examples--Reggae, Bollywood, Facebook, Twitter, BBC, World Cup Soccer, The Olympics
Global Consumerism
Online Commerce---alibaba, ebay
global brands--Toyota, Coca-Cola
Chinese Twitter; regulated by government one response to globalization is local social media such as this site
Resistance to Globalization
Responses to rising cultural and economic globalization has led to anti-IMF and anti-World Bank Protests
Globalization
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.
Colonial Metropole
area of a nation where formerly colonized peoples move to as part of an immigration pattern
ex) Southeast Asian moving to Great Britain
Pastoralists
semi-nomadic herders of domesticated animals
Patriarchy
a system of society in which men hold the power
Social Stratifcation
a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy
Metallurgy
the science of working with metals
Monotheism
belief in one god
Polytheism
belief in more than one god
Shamanism
The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community.
Animism
The belief that bodies of water, animals, trees, and other natural objects have souls
Judaism
A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Developed written scriptures and an ethical code (Torah, 10 Commandments) over time.
Vedas
Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism.
Hinduism
A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms
Monasticism
A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith (as monks and nuns)
commodity
valuable product
Legitimacy
the popular acceptance of an authority, like a King or ruler
Caste System
a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation, but also his or her position in society
Mandate of Heaven
an ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.
Reincarnation
the rebirth of a soul in a new body.
Eightfold Path
In Buddhism, the path to nirvana. Comprises eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.
Confucianism
A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society and stresses a moral code of conduct.
Buddhism
the teaching of Buddha that emphasizes that life is filled with suffering caused by desire and that suffering ceases when desire ceases. Through right conduct, wisdom and meditation one can end the cycle of rebirth and reach Enlightenment.
Christianity
A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament, emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.
State
a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government.
Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha)
Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering.
filial piety
In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.
ancestor veneration
Veneration of the dead or ancestors is based on the beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living
syncretic religion
Combines two religious traditions into something distinctly new, while containing traits of both
Silk Roads
trade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean, which allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas from China to the Roman Empire
Mediterranean Sea Lanes
Trade routes that connected the Mediterranean civilizations together. The need for a sea rout for trade in the region. Trade increased and diffusion of cultures occurred
tribute system
payment made by one nation to another in acknowledgment of submission, notably used by Chinese dynasties
Bureaucracy
A system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials
commercial exchange
the buying and selling of goods
epidemic
A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease.
monsoon winds
These seasonal winds carried ships on the Indian Ocean between India and Africa
Missionaries
people who work to spread their religious beliefs
Silk Roads (600-1450)
flourished under the unity of the Mongols, only to lose favor again when the Mongols fell.
Black Death
The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century in part caused by the period of unity along the Silk Road and migration of Mongols.
Indian Ocean trading network
The world's largest sea-based system of comunication and exchange before 1500 C.E., Indian Ocean commerce stretched from southern China to eastern Africa and included not only the exchange of luxury and bulk goods but also the exchange of ideas and crops.
Srivijaya
A Malay kingdom that dominated the Straits of Malacca between 600 and 1075 CE. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, and control of trade routes.
Angkor Wat
This place was first a Hindu (dedicated to the god Vishnu), then subsequently a Buddhist, temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world.
Swahili Coast
East African city-states that emerged in the 8th century CE from a blending of Bantu, Islamic, and other Indian Ocean trade elements
Great Zimbabwe
City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.
Trans-Saharan Trade
Trade across the Sahara desert in Africa, usually in caravans of camels. Contributed to the spread of Islam.
Mali Empire
Capitalizing on the Saharan trade routes, Mali traded gold & salt. Embraced Islam as well. notably under Mansa Musa.
Song dynasty
During this Chinese dynasty (960 - 1279 CE) China saw many important inventions. There was a magnetic compass; paper money; gun powder; moveable type printing. Mass produced goods for trade on the Indian Ocean, experienced great urbanization, population increase, and embraced Neo-Confucianism.
Hangzhou
Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million.
foot binding
Becoming prominent during the Song dynasty, practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.
tribute system
Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and people's that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities and required the payment of tribute --produce of value from their countries--to the Chinese emperor(although the Chinese gifts given in return were often much more valuable).
Chinese influence on Japan
Centralized government; Confucian ideals; architecture (pagodas); Buddhism spread
Quran
The holy book of Islam
Pillars of Islam
The five core practices required of Muslims: a profession of faith, regular prayer, charitable giving, fasting during Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca (if physically and financially possible).
jizya
the extra tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities
Ibn Battuta
(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.
Timbuktu
Mali trading city that became a center of wealth, learning, and Islam
Mansa Musa
Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.
House of Wisdom
Combination library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad established in the 800s.
Roman Catholic church
In 1054 CE Christianity was divided between the Eastern Orthodox (practiced in East Europe) and the Roman Catholic Church (practiced in West Europe). The head of the Roman Catholic church is the Pope.
Serfdom
A type of labor used in in feudal Europe in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to pursue a new occupation.
Feudal Europe
Western Europe was far removed from the growing world trade routes, but coastlines and river systems facilitated internal exchange. Decentralized kingships were established over powerful lords, with manors dominating political and economic life.
Crusades
Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation.
Mongols
13th-15th centuries; Military strength allowed for rapid conquest. Subjected huge populations in Eurasia to Mongol rule. Their conquests helped diffuse technology, culture, and disease due to the unity brought.
Delhi Sultanate
The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controlled a small area of northern India, centered in Delhi. A minority of Muslims ruled over a majority of Hindus, violent takeover led to religious tension.
Malacca
Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka.
Inca
Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco. Built a strong network of roads, and relied on the mita system.
Syncretism
Religious syncretism exhibits blending of two or more religious belief systems into a new system
Mita System
Incan system for payment of taxes with labor
Grand Canal
The 1,100-mile waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers, facilitating trade and movement. It was expanded during the Song Empire.
Fedualism
System where kings give land to nobles in exchange for service (as found in Western Europe)
Arabic
Language of the Islamic civilization; facilitated trade.
Quipu
An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information.
Marco Polo
Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.
Zheng He
Chinese admiral during the Ming Dynasty, he led great voyages through the Indian Ocean to acquire more tribute states
Champa Rice
Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. It was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (in Vietnam) as part of the tributary system.
moveable type
blocks of metal or wood, each bearing a single character, that can be arranged to make up a page for printing. Improved on by the Song Dynasty (from Korea)
Seljuk Turks
nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader, leading to the increasing fragmentation of the Caliphate (but the promotion of science, learning, and trade in the empire remained.)
Sufism
An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God, and contributed to the spread of Islam through missionary activity.
Silk road
An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea
Trans-Saharan Trade Route
gold-salt trade; linked North and West Africa; across Sahara Desert; spread Islam
Indian Ocean Trade
connected to Europe, Africa, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion.
Mongols
People from Central Asia when united ended up creating the largest single land empire in history.
Camel Saddle
An invention which gives camel riders more stability on the animal and its invention and basic idea traveled along the Trans-Saharan Caravan Trade Route
Caravans
Groups of people traveling together for safety over long distances
Ibn Battuta
Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.
Marco Polo
Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.
Margery Kempe
Wrote the Book of Margery Kempe - considered the 1st autobiography in the Eng. language. Chronicles her pilgrimages to holy sites in Europe and Asia.
Genghis Khan
Also known as Temujin; he united the Mongol tribes into an unstoppable fighting force; created largest single land empire in history.
Khanate
one of several separate territories into which Genghis Khan's empire was split, each under the rule of one of his sons
Bubonic Plague
disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population
Caravansaries
an inn where desert travelers found food and shelter
overgrazing
Destruction of vegetation caused by too many grazing animals consuming the plants in a particular area so they cannot recover
deforestation
The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.
soil erosion
wearing away of surface soil by water and wind
Champa Rice
a quick-maturing, drought resistant rice brought to China from Vietnam
Diffusion
The process of spread of an item or trend from one place to another over time
Zheng He
(1371-1433?) Chinese naval explorer who sailed along most of the coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast of Africa before his death.
Lateen sail
triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade
Stern Rudder
controls the sailing direction of a ship
Astrolabe
An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets
Magnetic Compass
Chinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was north
Monsoon winds
The seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia, blowing from the southwest in summer and from the northeast in winter.
Diaspora
A dispersion of people from their homeland
Yuan dynasty
Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368)
Ming Dynasty
Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368 to 1644; took over after the fall of the Yuan dynasty
Pax Mongolica
Era of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire
Junk
A very large flat bottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.
Hanseatic League
An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.
Nomadic
wandering from place to place
Mansa Musa
Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.
Ortogh
Mongol empire, commercial alliances created to minimize risk
Kashgar
Located on Western edge of China where Northern and Southern routes of the Silk Road met
Samarkand
City in modern day Uzbekistan, stopping point on the Silk Road between China and Mediterranean
flying cash
Enabled merchants to deposit good or cash at one location and draw the equivalent in cash or merchandise elsewhere in China.
Paper money
legal currency issued on paper; it developed in China as a convenient alternative to metal coins
Bill of exchange
a document stating that the holder was legally promised payment of a set amount on a set date
Banking Houses
an establishment or office in which, or a firm by whom, banking is done, Emerged in Europe
Khan
A Mongol ruler
Batu
Grandson of Genghis Khan and ruler of the Golden Horde; invaded Russia in 1236.
Golden Horde
Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam.
Moscow
Major city in Russia
Hulegu
Grandson of Genghis Khan and ruler of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad.
Il-Khanate
Mongol empire that ruled over Iran (Persia) & the Middle East
Kublai Khan
Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China
Yuan Dynasty
Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368)
White lotus society
Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule
Malacca
Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca.
Gujarat
Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing.
Swahili City States
dominated trade along the east African coast
Spice Islands
Modern day Malaysia and Indonesia, known for its spices like nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves, and cardamom
Calicut
Great spice port on west coast of India
Mali
Power trading society in West Africa, rich in gold and ivory
Sundiata
the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes
Songhai Kingdom
Largest African trading kingdom during its time; Helped rebel against Mali
Timbuktu
Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning
Mecca
the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace
Swahili
Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.
Urdu
official language of Pakistan, mixed grammatical patterns of Hindi with the vocabulary of Arabic and some elements of Farsi
Hangzhou
China's capital during the Song dynasty, with a population of more than a million people.
Constantinople
Capital of the Byzantine Empire
Money economy
an economic system based on money rather than barter
Protestant Reformation
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.
indulgences
Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.
Martin Luther
a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
Ottoman Empire
Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe. They were known in this period for using the devshirme system to obtain candidates for their advanced bureaucracy and elite jannisary corp that utilized gunpowder. They ruled with religious tolerance toward "people of the book" although they had to pay a special tax.
Mughal Empire
Muslim state that expanded over most of India utilizing gunpowder in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, allowed for religious tolerance (especially under Akbar)
Suleiman the Magnificent
The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.
Akbar the Great
known for religious tolerance. grandson of Babur who created a strong central government
Gunpowder Empires
Qing Dynasty, as well as the Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannons and gunpowder to advance their military causes.
Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
Minority Manchu rule over China that incorporated new territories, experienced substantial population growth, and sustained significant economic growth.
Safavid Empire
Turkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.
Safavid-Mughal Conflict
The two empires clashed, primarily over Kandahar, a strategic city that was seen as the gateway into South Asia.
Bureaucracy
A large, complex governmental organization composed of appointed officials
Tax farming
A government's use of private collectors to collect taxes. Individuals or corporations contract with the government to collect a fixed amount for the government and are permitted to keep as profit everything they collect over that amount. (used in Ottoman Empire)
Devshirme System
The practice by which the Ottoman Empire conscripted boys from Christian families (of a conquered people), who were converted to Islam and trained to become Janissary soldiers or members of the bureaucracy loyal to the sultan
Divine Right of Kings
European Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent
Taj Mahal
beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife - an example of monumental architecture
Hagia Sophia
largest cathedral in Constantinople, built by the Byzantine Empire, when Ottoman ruler Mehmed II conquered Constantinople it became a mosque - an example of monumental architecture
Zamindars
tax system of the Mughal empire where local lords collected tax/ tribute for the emperor.
Ottoman-Safavid Conflict
A century-long conflict from 1534-1639 in which the Sunni Ottomans fought the Shiite Safavids.
Sikhism
the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak, persecuted under the Mughals, and has some similarities to both Hinduism and Islam
Mandate of Heaven
a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source
Janissaries
Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.
Counter Reformation
the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming important Church doctrine and renewing efforts to convert people to Catholicism (especially by Jesuit missionaries)
Jesuits
Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.
Sunni Islam
Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries.
Shi'ite Islam
One of the two main branches of Islam. Shiites recognize Ali, the fourth caliph, and his descendants as rightful rulers of the Islamic world; practiced in the Safavid empire
Canton System
used to control western trade under the Qing Dynasty: trading confined to port of Canton in South China.
Confucian Exam System
written exam used to select high ranking government officials in China (includes memorization of teachings of Confucius), highly competitive and results in an educated bureaucracy
Gutenberg Printing Press
used movable type to print, increased literacy in Europe and helped spread the Protestant Reformation
Aurengzeb
Mughal ruler who expanded the empire, and was a strict Muslim that was more intolerant of other faiths. Reinstates Jizya tax for non Muslims. Destroyed and defaced many Hindu temples, had the ninth guru of Sikhism killed.
Manchus
Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.
Charters
Documents granting the right to organize settlements in an area
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by strictly regulating the economy to obtain large amounts of gold and silver by selling more goods than they bought and utilizing colonies
Prince Henry the Navigator
(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
It was perhaps the peak of Chinese civilization with 300 years of peace and prosperity. They improved the Grand Canal, made great porcelain, and under Yong Le encouraged exploration. They also built the Forbidden City in the capital of Beijing. After Yong Le rulers would reject exploration. The Ming would participate in the Global Silver Trade, starting in the mid-1500s, as an eager buyer of silver. However, they will be overthrown by the Manchu.
Portuguese Empire
took an early lead in European exploration (sponsored by Prince Henry); went East and established trading posts in West Africa, East Africa (Swahili City States) and India for spice trade
maritime
on or near the sea
Global Silver Trade
Silver trade between the Americas and Europe and onward to China from the 16th to 18th centuries. It had a profound effect on the world economy and silver trade could also be considered the beginning of the global economy.
Spanish Empire
Made up of territories and colonies in Europe, Africa, and Asia controlled from Spain. At its strongest, it was one of the biggest empires in world history according to how much land they had, and one of the 1st global empires. Royalty from the Castile and Aragon kingdoms ruled it. Christopher Columbus led the first Spanish exploration trip which led them to colonizing in the Americas.
plantation agriculture
Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop.
cash crop
a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The forced migration of between 12 - 15 million people from Africa to the Western Hemisphere from the middle of the 15th century to the end of the 19th century.
indigenous
native to a certain area
Encomienda System
It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people (but generally exploited them) and convert them to Christianity. It was a form of coercive labor.
Tokugawa Shogunate
was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. They isolated Japan from foreign influences. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.
Closed Country Edict
Was a document that restricted Japanese to only certain times when the Japanese could trade and intervene with the outside world
syncretic religion
Combines two religious traditions into something distinctly new, while containing traits of both (ex: voodoo, santeria)
Dutch East India Company
Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.
British East India Company
set up trading posts in India in the 1600s, beginning the British economic interest there
joint-stock company
A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
Smallpox
A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs; responsible for killing Native Americans.
coercive labor
Any labor system that involves force (slavery, serfdom, and encomienda)
Aztec Empire
Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I.
Inca Empire
Empire in Peru. conquered by Pizarro, who began an empire for the Spanish in 1535
Voodoo
syncretic belief system that combines traditional African religious beliefs with elements of Christianity.
Santeria
Cuban religion that combines Catholic and West African beliefs
Candomble
African religious ideas and practices in Brazil, particularly among the Yoruba people.
Maroon Societies
Communities formed by escaped slaves in the Caribbean, Latin American. and the United States.
Slave Rebellions
Slaves resisted by working slowly, damaging goods, or running away; one of the largest uprisngs in the US was the German Coast Rebellion of 1811 in Louisiana; Nat Turner led a revolt in Virginia in 1831; Southern slaveowners enforced strict slave codes severe punishments and made it illegal to help run-away slaves;
Caravel
A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.
Kongo
Central African state that began trading with the Portuguese around 1500; although their kings, such as King Affonso I (r. 1506-1543), converted to Christianity, they nevertheless suffered from the slave trade.
Asante Kingdom
kingdom that emerged in the 1700s in present-day Ghana and was active in the slave trade
compass
an instrument containing a magnetized pointer that shows the direction of magnetic north and bearings from it.
Creoles
In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World.
Mestizos and Mulattoes
People with mixed races between European and Latin American or African descent
Charters
Documents granting the right to organize settlements in an area
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by strictly regulating the economy to obtain large amounts of gold and silver by selling more goods than they bought and utilizing colonies
Prince Henry the Navigator
(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
It was perhaps the peak of Chinese civilization with 300 years of peace and prosperity. They improved the Grand Canal, made great porcelain, and under Yong Le encouraged exploration. They also built the Forbidden City in the capital of Beijing. After Yong Le rulers would reject exploration. The Ming would participate in the Global Silver Trade, starting in the mid-1500s, as an eager buyer of silver. However, they will be overthrown by the Manchu.
Portuguese Empire
took an early lead in European exploration (sponsored by Prince Henry); went East and established trading posts in West Africa, East Africa (Swahili City States) and India for spice trade
maritime
on or near the sea
Global Silver Trade
Silver trade between the Americas and Europe and onward to China from the 16th to 18th centuries. It had a profound effect on the world economy and silver trade could also be considered the beginning of the global economy.
Spanish Empire
Made up of territories and colonies in Europe, Africa, and Asia controlled from Spain. At its strongest, it was one of the biggest empires in world history according to how much land they had, and one of the 1st global empires. Royalty from the Castile and Aragon kingdoms ruled it. Christopher Columbus led the first Spanish exploration trip which led them to colonizing in the Americas.
plantation agriculture
Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop.
cash crop
a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The forced migration of between 12 - 15 million people from Africa to the Western Hemisphere from the middle of the 15th century to the end of the 19th century.
indigenous
native to a certain area
Encomienda System
It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people (but generally exploited them) and convert them to Christianity. It was a form of coercive labor.
Tokugawa Shogunate
was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. They isolated Japan from foreign influences. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.
Closed Country Edict
Was a document that restricted Japanese to only certain times when the Japanese could trade and intervene with the outside world
syncretic religion
Combines two religious traditions into something distinctly new, while containing traits of both (ex: voodoo, santeria)
Dutch East India Company
Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.
British East India Company
set up trading posts in India in the 1600s, beginning the British economic interest there
joint-stock company
A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
Smallpox
A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs; responsible for killing Native Americans.
coercive labor
Any labor system that involves force (slavery, serfdom, and encomienda)
Aztec Empire
Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I.
Inca Empire
Empire in Peru. conquered by Pizarro, who began an empire for the Spanish in 1535
Voodoo
syncretic belief system that combines traditional African religious beliefs with elements of Christianity.
Santeria
Cuban religion that combines Catholic and West African beliefs
Candomble
African religious ideas and practices in Brazil, particularly among the Yoruba people.
Maroon Societies
Communities formed by escaped slaves in the Caribbean, Latin American. and the United States.
Slave Rebellions
Slaves resisted by working slowly, damaging goods, or running away; one of the largest uprisngs in the US was the German Coast Rebellion of 1811 in Louisiana; Nat Turner led a revolt in Virginia in 1831; Southern slaveowners enforced strict slave codes severe punishments and made it illegal to help run-away slaves;
Caravel
A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.
Kongo
Central African state that began trading with the Portuguese around 1500; although their kings, such as King Affonso I (r. 1506-1543), converted to Christianity, they nevertheless suffered from the slave trade.
Asante Kingdom
kingdom that emerged in the 1700s in present-day Ghana and was active in the slave trade
compass
an instrument containing a magnetized pointer that shows the direction of magnetic north and bearings from it.
Creoles
In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World.
Mestizos and Mulattoes
People with mixed races between European and Latin American or African descent
Industrialization
the process of developing machine production of goods
Industrial Revolution
A change that began in Britain in the 18th to 19th centuries where more innovations in machinery were made along with more incorporation of factories
Factories
buildings with the intent of mass producing a certain product or number of products with the use of machines and engines
Factors of Production
land, labor, and capital; the three groups of resources that are used to make all goods and services
Capital
wealth in the form of property or money owned by a business or individual
Second Industrial Revolution
steep growth in industry and the production of steel, petroleum, electric power, and the machinery to produce other goods
Consumer Markets
consists of costumers who buy commodities for personal use
Stock Market
A general term used to describe all transactions involving the buying and selling of stock shares issued by a company.
Corporation
A company owned by investors who take in the profits but are not responsible for its debts.
Transnational Buisness
A group of individuals who partnered together to form a more profitable business. Were very popular to help transcontinental trips to the New World
Capitalism
an economic system based on private ownership of capital
Adam Smith
thinker who supported a economic system based on private enterprise and free trade
Socialism
an economic system based on state ownership of capital
Karl Marx
wrote the Communist Manifesto and supported a state run economic system
Marxism
the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded
Communism
a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership
Unions
an association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages
Labor Strikes
labor unions were groups of workers who wanted to obtain better working conditions, strikes were held in order to obtain such conditions.
Tokugawa Japan
a family that took over Japan; like a dynasty; reimposed centralized feudalism; closed Japan to foreigners; forbade Japanese people to travel overseas; lasted for about 200 years; a time of economic prosperity but also some political strife; internal rivalries between rulers (different shoguns jealous of others that had more power); some trade (merchants wealthier, but still lower class, which angered them)
Meiji Restoration/ Era
period of swift modernization and reform for Japan induced by Emperor Meiji. European ideals adopted and applied, bringing outstanding social, governmental, and economic reform as well as inducing the country's change from isolationist to imperialist.
Suffrage Movements
groups that protest for voting rights and equality.
Imperialism
a superpower extending its reach to less powerful areas usually in the forms of colonies or protectorates.
Berlin Conference
meeting in Berlin where many superpowers met to divide up the African continent.
Scramble for Africa
phrase used to describe the rush to take land in Africa
King Leopold II
king of Belgium who supported the colonization of Africa and took many means to do so
Economic Imperialism
a doctrine that states that a superpower uses a poorer region for its profit and resources.
Protectorate
a state or territory partly controlled by (but not a possession of) a stronger state but autonomous in internal affairs
Colonies
lands that are controlled by another nation
The Cherokee Nation
Adopted European ways because they believed they could keep their land if acted as white man. Had newspaper, charter. They were farmers and elite owned slaves. Developed an alphabet where 20% became literate (more than whites)
Zulu Kingdom
founded by Shaka in 1818, the british and the dutch settlers broke up the kingdom in the 20th century
Nationalsim
feeling partiotic pride and devotion
Nation-state
a state containing one homogeneous race
Social Darwinism
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.
Enlightenment
a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions
Voltaire
an Enlightenment thinker who criticized a absolute monarchy
Rousseau
French philosopher from 1712-1778 who believed that people are naturally good, but are corrupted by society
Locke
English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience
Hobbes
Englishmen who believed that men were in nature evil and needed some sort of control.
Revolution
the overthrow of a government by those who are governed
Declaration of Independence
the document that started the American Revolution formally
American Revolution
a rebellion in the British colonies of the northeast of north america which led to the formation of the United States
French Revolution
the revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.
Louis XVI
King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.
Declaration of the Rights of Man
guidelines demanded by the people rebelling in France at the beginning of the French Revolution
Reign of Terror
the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed
Robospierre
French politician who led the reign of terror with many executions and eventually he was executed himself.
Guillotine
instrument of execution that consists of a weighted blade between two vertical poles
Napoleon Bonaparte
Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
Latin American Independence Movements
states that were once under the rule of European counties became independent and led to a drastic loss of power for European powerhouses
Simon Bolivar
Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule
Haitian Revolution
Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.
Young Turks
reformists that led the Ottoman Empire to change and hoped to promote a secular government and to spread equality
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Leader of the Haitian Revolution
Maroon Societies
communities of runaway slaves, survival of african traditions such as house designs, community organizations and language in caribbean
Gandhi
a Indian , political and spiritual leader during India's struggle with Great Britain for home rule
Indian Revolt of 1857
Revolt of Indian soldiers against British officers when they were required to use greased cartridges they suspected were being used to pollute them and cause them to convert to Christianity; the revolt spread across north India
Boxer Rebellion
1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops
Taiping Rebellion
The most destructive civil war in China before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. Leader claimed to be the brother of Jesus.
Abolitionist Movements
a movement to end the slave trade and set slaves free.
Feminism
the movement aimed at equal rights for women
Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Vindication of Rights of Women
Book written by Wollstonecraft which explained that women should have equal rights with men in education, politics, and economics
Olympe de Gourge's Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen.
the rights of what women thought they should have like voting and stature in government.
Seneca Falls Conference of 1848
first conference of women for women's rights which was made up of women of the Quaker belief
Migration
moving to another area for a seasonal time or more permanent time
Ethnic Enclaves
areas or neighborhoods within cities that are homogeneous in their ethnic make-up, and are usually surrounded by different ethnic groups
Chinese Exclusion Acts
Act that banned the immigration of Chinese to work in the United States because they were willing to work low wages and were seen as taking American citizens' jobs
Imperialism
A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Social Darwinism
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.
King Leopold II
the Belgian king who opened up the African interior to European trade along the Congo River and by 1884 controlled the area known as the Congo Free State.
Dutch East India Company
Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.
Direct Resistance
a refusal to act - not doing what the enemy wants.
Tupac Amaru
The last Inca emperor; in the 1780s, a Native American rebellion against Spanish control of Peru took place in his name.
Yaa Asantewaa
queen of the Asantes that led the fight against the British in the last Asante war, took power after the king was exiled
1857 Rebellion
Indian Mutiny, also called Sepoy Mutiny or First War of Independence, widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in India in 1857-59.
Sokoto Caliphate
large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria.
Cherokee Nation
Native American tribe that was forced to leave their land because of the Indian Removal Act
Zulu Kingdom
A monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north.
Ghost Dance
A cult that tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the young braves to fight. It was crushed at the Battle of Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux. The Ghost Dance led to the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This act tried to reform Indian tribes and turn them into "white" citizens. It did little good.
Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement
Pivotal movement that broke the ushered in a new era of colonial expansion and domination of South Africa by the British. Thought it would bring back ancient chiefs and ancestors.
Mahdist Revolt
In 1882 in a revolution led by Muhammad Ahmad, 1881 had proclaimed himself the Mahdi, the person who, according to an Islamic tradition, would rid the world of evil on September 2, 1898. The Anglo-Egyptian victory brought about the complete collapse
export economy
A type of economy in which goods are produced mainly for export rather than for domestic use
Economic Imperialism
Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments.
Opium War
War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; the victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.
Convict labor
A system of penal labor practiced in the Southern United States, beginning after the emancipation of slaves at the end of the American Civil War in 1865 to about around 1880, and officially ending in the last state, Alabama, in 1928.
Chinese Exclusion Act
1882 law that barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States
White Australia Policy
A policy that intentionally restricted non-white immigration to Australia
Samory Toure
leader of Malinke peoples in West Africa who formed an army that fought against French for 15 years and proclaimed himself king of Guinea
Sino-Japanese War
war between China and Japan in which Japan gained Taiwan
British East India Company
A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.
Settler Colonies
Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America.
Berlin Conference
A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa. No Africans were invited
Boer War
Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa.
Afrikaners
South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910.
Sphere of Influence
A foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities.
Taiping Rebellion
a mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan
Boxer Rebellion
1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.
French Indochina
Area of southeast Asia controlled by France during Imperialism. Includes Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.
Siam
The Kingdom of _____, known today as Thailand, remained relatively independent during through the nineteenth century because they served as a buffer between the colonies of Britain and France in Indochina.
penal colony
a colony to which convicts are sent as an alternative to prison
Treaty of Waitangi
The treaty signed by the British and Maori in 1840 giving Britain control over New Zealand.
Monroe Doctrine
an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers
Manifest Destiny
A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.
Spanish-American War
In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence
Roosevelt Corollary
1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force
The Great Game
Used to describe the rivalry and strategic conflict between the British Empire and the Russian Empire before WWI.
Indian Removal Act
(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River
Seypoys
Indian troops
Philippine-American War
armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States from 1899-1902. It was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence. The Philippines declared war on the US and it became a savage conflict with guerilla warfare. Villages were destroyed, civilians were murdered, and prisoners were tortured. The war ended when Aguinaldo surrendered in 1902.
Aboriginal people
People who migrated to Australia from Asia at least 40,000 years ago; the original settlers of the land.
Maori
indigenous people of New Zealand
Pan-Africanism
A movement that stressed unity among all Africans
Cecil Rhodes
Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.
Apartheid
a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race. Used in South Africa
Banana Republic
Term used to describe a Central American nation dominated by United States business interests
Indentured Servants
People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free.
Diaspora
A dispersion of people from their homeland
ethnic enclave
a small area occupied by a distinctive minority culture
League of Nations
An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace.
Anti-Semitism
hostility to or prejudice against Jews.
Fascism
A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition
Nazism
Adolf Hitler used fascism to create this type of government based on totalitarian ideas and was used to unite Germany during the 1930s.
Blitzkrieg
"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939
Genocide
the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.
Totalitarianism
A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
Great Depression
the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s
Inflation
a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.
Aggression and Appeasement
Warlike acts versus giving up and giving in to the demands of an aggressor just to maintain peace.
Rationing
A limited portion or allowance of food or goods; limitation of use
Holocaust
A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.
Reparations
As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.
Internment Camps
Detention centers where more than 100,000 Japanese Americans were relocated during World War II by order of the President, after Pearl Harbor, due to fear of spies and saboteurs.
Disarmament
Reduction of armed forces and weapons
annex
(v.) To add to, attach: to incorporate;(n.) An attachment or addition
Atomic Bomb
bomb dropped by an American bomber on Hiroshima and Nagasaki destroying both cities
Stock Market Crash
Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then on Oct. 29, 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII
Harry Truman
33rd President of the United States. Led the U.S. to victory in WWII making the ultimate decision to use atomic weapons for the first time. Shaped U.S. foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union after the war.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
American General who began in North Africa and became the Commander of Allied forces in Europe during WWII, then was elected to President
Douglas MacArthur
United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II
Winston Churchill
British Prime Minister who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.
Joseph Stalin
Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)
Adolf Hitler
Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).
Hideki Tojo
Prime minister of Japan during World War II, ordered attack on Pearl Harbor
Hirohito
Emperor of Japan during WWII
Mein Kampf
'My Struggle' by hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession
Kristallnacht
(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.
D-Day
(FDR) , June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.
Nuremberg Laws
1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.
Nuremberg Trials
A series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity.
Pearl Harbor
United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.
Battle of Midway Island
A naval and air battle fought in World War II in which planes from American aircraft carriers stopped another assault on Hawaii and did enough damage to halt the Japanese advance. Was a major turning point in the war against Japan.
Yalta Conference
FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War
Marshall Plan
a plan for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism.
NATO/Warsaw Pact
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) agreement between West European states to provide mutual assistance if any one of them was attacked. the Warsaw Pact was the military alliance including all Communist states
The Cold War
40 year period of tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union
Latter half of the 20th century, Capitalist United States and the Communist USSR emerged as the two global superpowers competing to fill the power vacuums left behind by WWII.
They competed for global dominance through nuclear brinkmanship and proxy wars in the developing world.
Marshall Plan
U.S program to support the reconstruction of Western Europe after WWII by giving them a TON of money, farming and industrial equipment, and food.
Used as Cold War tool by USA to promote democracies and capitalism
NATO
Military alliance created in 1949 made up of 12 non communist countries including the United States that support each other if attacked
Warsaw Pact
The 1955 treaty binding the Soviet Union and countries of eastern Europe in an alliance against the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
Developing Country
Refers to countries that have not industrialized or are in the process of industrializing
Many countries were colonies and gained indepence after WW2
Nonalignment Movement
Refers to a group of developing countries that stayed neutrality in the Cold War... chose not to side with either USSR or USA
Proxy War
A war instigated by a major power that does not itself participate
Civil wars in which the superpowers backed different different sides that acted as substitutes for the superpowers themselves
Domino Effect
Idea that if the United States would let one country fall to communist control neighbouring countries would fall into communism
Containment Strategy
U.S policy to contain or restrict communism from spreading to stop the Domino effect
Nuclear Proliferation
The spread of nuclear weapons to nation's that doesn't have them
The rapid creation and stock piling of nuclear weapons
Vietnam War
Refers to America's involvement in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia
Considered a proxy war as USA backed anti communist South Vietnam and USSR backed communist North Vietnam with Ho Chi Minh
Cuban Missile Crisis
The 1962 confrontation between US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba. 13 day stand off
Trueman Doctrine
Policy to help other countries resist communism and think of it as a threat
Zionism
An international movement originally for the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine and later for the support of modern Israel... to protect the Jewish people
Religious Fundamentalism
Refers to the belief of an individual or a group of individuals in the absolute authority of a sacred religious text or teachings of a particular religious leader, prophet,and/ or God
Any religion can have fundamentals
Iranian Revolution
The overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and the creation of an Islamic state
Delocalization
After WW2 and during the Cold war nationalism in European colonies led to a period of Independence movements. Independence was gained through violent struggle or negoteations. Powerful empires broke apart
Mahatma Gandhi
Played a key role in India's Independence movements with his policy of non violence and his leadership of the INC
Nehru
First prime minister of India
Partition of India
India gained it's Independence from Britain. Upon indepence tensions between Hindus and Muslims led to the country splitting into 2- Muslim Majority Pakistan and Hindu Majority India
African National Congress
A political organization that pushed for an end to apartheid in South Africa and equality between whites and blacks
Kenyatta
A nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya
Nkrumah
Nationalist leader of Ghana
Pan-Africanism
The idea that people of African descent, in all parts of the world, have a common heritage and destiny and should cooperate in political action.
Pan-Arabism
The idea that all Arabic speaking people should unite into one country
Pan-Islamism
A political movement advocating the unity of Muslims under one Islamic state
Muslim League
Indian Muslims who broke away from the Indian National Congress. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Secularism
The principle of separation of the state from religious institutions.