History 1102 final

1919

It all seemed to fall apart: communists (Red Scare), labor strikes, racial violence...economy was not great for a bit...

1920s economy

Booming; radios, cars, and houses...poverty would shortly end...

Barack Obama

After 2008 housing and financial crash, he created the stimulus ($700B of government spending)...but signature achievement was national healthcare through the Affordable Healthcare Act (Obamacare)...has almost doubled national debt

Battle of Britain

Hitler's unsuccessful attempt to invade Great Britain from France across the English Channel; pounded London with bombing campaigns but the British withstood the attack and defender their country; August 1940; significant: Hitler's first loss

Battle of Midway

June 1942; point in Pacific Ocean where U.S. started to turn the tide against the Japanese and began the long haul of pushing the Japanese back to Asia

Battle of the Bulge

Hitler's last counterattack in January/February 1945; ultimately failed and he was toast by March, although we waited out for Stalin to make more progress in the east before getting to Berlin, the capital of Germany

Bay of Pigs

Failed 1961 U.S.

Berlin Crisis

In 1948, Stalin prevented food from resupplying American soldiers in Berlin; Truman responded with airlift of food, defusing crisis...(did not cover)

Berlin Wall

Much later (1959

Bill Clinton

Attempted to enlarge the cradle

Birmingham, AL

In 1963, after six years of protests, sit

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Unanimous Supreme Court decision overturning Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) declaring that segregation was unconstitutional, esp. in the public schools...major victory for the NAACP...a year later, in 1955, Supreme Court said that the South had to integrate "with all deliberate speed"

Busing

A practical way to bring about integration in public schools when there was already residential segregation...in 1968, Charlotte started a program that would last 'til the 1990s [many other Southern cities actually did this; fewer in the North] where students were bused to achieve integration of Charlotte's public schools...Supreme Court said this was okay in 1971; but in 1974, the Supreme Court said that Detroit program that included the suburbs in its busing program was unconstitutional...this made "white flight" okay

Causes of Great Depression

Structural changes, overproduction/saturation, Germany loans, decline in cars and homes starting in 1926

Citizens' Councils

Groups of whites resisting integration and putting pressure on white politicians to keep segregation

Civil Rights Act of 1964

It was left up to a white Southerner, Lydon B. Johnson, to sign civil rights legislation...with Martin Luther King Jr. in the Oval Office, Johnson signed this law which allowed African

Cold War

Long

Containment

U.S. strategy in Europe from 1946 on...keep Soviets out of Western Europe, accepting their control over Eastern Europe

Cuban Missile Crisis

In 1962, Soviets put nuclear missiles in Cuba...the U.S. public found out in October...ten tense days followed...best moment for JFK...responded with blockade of Cuba...after the U.S. secretly agreeing to take our nuclear missiles out of Turkey, the Soviets took their missiles out of Cuba; Castro's safety was also guaranteed from further CIA efforts...

D

Day

Detroit Riots

Just a few weeks after the Voting Rights Act of 1965, racial riots erupted in Detroit; without condoning violence, an explanation of the origins has to do with deindustrialization, automation and how these things had a greater impact on the economic prospects of African

Dwight Eisenhower

Republican President, 1953

End of Cold War

It ended in November/December 1989 when Eastern European people overthrew their communist governments; Soviet Union, led by Gorbachev, did nothing...Berlin Wall crumbling was symbolic of end of Cold War; explanations: 1) Reagan pushed them to the brink through increased defense spending 2) Gorbachev was a political reformer 3) Soviet oil revenues plummeted in the 1980s, weakening Soviet Union...

France

Fell to Hitler in 1940; this meant that the entire continent of Europe [at least the Western side] was under Nazi Germany's control

George W. Bush

A Republican but added prescription drug benefits to Medicare in 2003 to gain senior vote for 2004...further adding to cradle

Germany

Country at middle of Cold War; western part controlled by U.S, U.K. and France at end of WW2 and eastern part controlled by USSR...US and USSR could not agree on how to unify Germany...by 1949: West Germany and East Germany were two new official countries

Great Society

Lyndon B. Johnson's major program...this was the equivalent [but actually larger and more significant] of the New Deal...it was meant to continue the cradle

Harry Truman

Became President in April 1945, when FDR died; made decision to drop atomic bombs based solely on saving American soldiers' lives

Hiroshima / Nagasaki

Cities where U.S. dropped atomic bombs in August of 1945 (the 6th and 9th of August respectively)

Hitler's rise in the 1930s

Made Jews a target by 1935, took over Austria and Czechoslovakia by 1938

Holocaust

Hitler's systematic attempt to wipe out Jewish people [6M people in Europe] along with 6M others he did not believe deserved to be a part of the master race

Isolationism

From 1919 until around 1939, a strong American desire to stay out of world affairs

Iwo Jima / Okinawa

Two Japanese islands, far from the mainland, that took the U.S. Marines four months to conquer; indicator that invading Japan would be a brutal exercise that might result in 500,000 American casualties and would take until 1947

Jimmy Carter

Brought Israel and Egypt to a peace treaty; struggled with Iranian hostage crisis from 1979 to the end of his Presidency in 1981

Korean War

1950

Little Rock

Gov. Orval Faubus tried to physically stop integration of Central High School in the fall of 1957...President Eisenhower had to send federal troops to uphold judge's order for integration...in 1958, Faubus closed all public schools in response...

Manhattan Project

Secret [not to Stalin] U.S. government project to build an atomic bomb; started in 1942; at Los Alamos, NM and Oak Ridge, TN [where the material was being produced]; exploded first bomb in July 1945

Mao Zedong

Leader of communist China; took over in 1949, making China a communist country; this made Harry Truman look bad, Republicans saying that he had "lost China"

March on Washington

August 1963

Marshall Plan

1948

Montgomery, AL

birthplace of civil rights movement; Rosa Parks, an African

Munich

Conference in Germany where Great Britain and France told Hitler that taking Czechoslovakia was okay as long as he would not take Poland; known as appeasement

NATO

1949

Nixon and Race

As on many things, Nixon was a contradiction...he was first President to institute affirmative action, but, politically, he created the Southern Strategy, an attempt to woo Southern whites to the Republican Party by opposing things like busing...it also helped with many Northern whites...

Non

Aggression Pact

NSC

68

Pearl Harbor

Japanese attack on U.S. naval base in Hawaii, killing over 2,400 Americans...Dec. 7th, 1941; brought U.S. into World War II

Philippines

American colony lost to Japanese right after Pearl Harbor; only regained in 1944

Poland

When Hitler took this country in 1939, World War II started

Reagan's Conservatism

Wanted to end Great Society/New Deal but did not achieve that given a Democratic Congress...increased military spending [see end of Cold War below] and cut taxes, lowering the top rates from 70% to 28%...tripled national debt...

Return to Normalcy

The winning campaign slogan of 1920 promising a return to the old America: impossible given immigration and urbanization...

Right to privacy

A line of Supreme Court reasoning in important cases having to do with the culture wars

Rise of Al

Qaeda

Scopes Trial

Reflecting divide among Protestant Christians over the Biblical account of creation, a trial in TN to see if anti

Second front

Stalin's desire to have the U.S. and the British attack Hitler in Western Europe, somehow, so that not all of Hitler's armies would be focused on the Soviet Union

Soviet entry into the Pacific war

August 8th, 1945 [opportunistic]

The Iraq War

In 2003, George W Bush invaded Iraq...took away from Aghanistan War...legacy of Cold War...Saddam was brutal but not al

The New Deal

FDR's attempt (1933

V

E Day

V

J Day

Vietnam, 1956

1964

Vietnam, 1964

1975

Voting Rights Act of 1965

A year later, Johnson signed another major piece of civil rights legislation, making the federal government the guarantor of fair elections throughout the South that would allow African

Winston Churchill

Wartime leader of Great Britain; did not know the meaning of the word appeasement [although you might want to look it up]; did not trust Stalin throughout World War II