Acculturation
The cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture.
What is an example of Acculturation
Changing ones name
Assimilation
The process in which a minority group or culture comes to adopt the dominant culture’s values, behaviors, and beliefs.
Centrifugal force
Forces that pull people apart.
Centripetal force
Forces that bring people together.
What is a example when a Centripetal force is bad
The Nazi’s; Hitler
Colonialism
Control by one power over a dependent area or people, often involving subjugation, exploitation, and imposition of language and cultural values.
Contagious diffusion
occurs when a cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people
Examples of contagious diffusion
religious beliefs, viral social media trends, and fashion styles illustrate the spread of ideas, innovations, or items through a local population via person-to-person contact and influence.
Creolized language
language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.
An example of a Creolized language
French-Creole/Haitian creole (spoken in Haiti),
Cultural convergence
The tendency for cultures to become more alike through shared technology and organizational structures.
Cultural divergence
The likelihood for cultures to become increasingly dissimilar over time.
what is an example of cultural divergence
The Amish community in the USA exemplifies cultural divergence as they intentionally preserve their distinct way of life, resisting modernization and maintaining traditional practices that distinguish them from mainstream American culture.
Explain how cultural convergence is different from cultural divergence.
Cultural convergence involves cultures becoming more alike through technology and practices, while cultural divergence entails cultures becoming more distinct as they resist external influences and emphasize their uniqueness.
Cultural hearth
The origin place of a major culture, an innovation center.
what are examples of ancient cultural hearths
Mesopotamia, the Nile River Valley, and the Indus Valley
what are examples of modern cultural hearth
Silicon Valley, Hollywood, and Tokyo, each contributing significantly to their respective fields of innovation and culture.
Cultural landscape
The visible human imprint on the land, the artificial landscape.
An example of a Cultural landscape
The ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu, with its terraced fields and stone structures nestled in the Andes Mountains
Cultural relativism
Understanding a person's beliefs based on their own culture rather than judging against another's criteria.
What is an example of Cultural relativism
The Padong long neck women, with their practice of wearing brass neck coils, exemplify cultural relativism as it is impossible to be able to judge or be able to understand their culture by looking it through it with your own, and it explfy that you need to see it through their eyes to understand why they do what they do.
Culture
A total way of life shared by a group, including speech, ideology, behavior, technology, and government.
Culture trait
A single element of a cultural practice.
Ethnic neighborhood
A voluntary community where people of similar origin reside by choice; Ethnic enclaves
Ethnic religion
A religion associated with a particular ethnic or tribal group that does not seek converts.
An example of a ethnic religion is
Judaism and hinduism
Ethnicity
Affiliation within a group bound by common ancestry and culture.
Ethnocentrism
The belief that one's own race and culture are superior to others.
Expansion Diffusion
The spread of ideas, behaviors, or culture traits from one place to another through contact and exchange.
Globalization
The increasing interconnection of the world's social, cultural, political, and economic processes; a result of space-time compression
Examples of Globalization
Economic Globalization: The world's businesses and money are getting more mixed together.
Cultural Globalization: Ideas, music, and movies from one place are spreading everywhere.
Political Globalization: Countries work together to solve global issues
Hierarchical diffusion
The spread of culture outward from the most interconnected places or from centers of wealth and influence
an example of hierarchical diffusion
when fashion trends start in big cities and then move to smaller towns, same as music and trends
Imperialism
Extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or force.
Indigenous religion
Belief systems passed down among people within an indigenous tribe or group.
Language dialect
A local or regional variant of a language that remains intelligible to speakers of other dialects.
Language family
Related languages derived from a common ancestor.
Explain why the Indo-European language family is one of the most important language families.
The Indo-European language family is crucial because it includes many widely spoken languages, has shaped world culture, and has a significant role in linguistics and global communication.
Lingua franca
A widely used language of communication and commerce.
What is the current and past lingua franca of the world
Past: French
Present: English
Linguistic geography
The study of the spatial distribution of languages and groups.
Multiculturalism
The presence of several distinct cultural or ethnic groups within a society.
Pidgin
A simplified language used for limited communication among people with different languages.
How is pidgins different from creole languages?
Pidgin Languages are simple, temporary languages used for communication between people who don't share a language. They have limited vocabulary and are not native to any community. Creole Languages are more developed languages that emerge from pidgins. They have complete vocabulary and more complex grammar and are spoken as native languages in communities, often reflecting their culture and history.
Placelessness
The loss of locally distinctive characteristics and identity.
Example of placeness
Identical fast-food restaurants with the same menu and design in different cities. Housing developments with houses that look the same, lacking unique architectural features. Airports with terminals that share a similar, standardized design and layout.
Placemaking
A people-centered approach to the design and management of public spaces.
Postmodern architecture
Architectural style incorporating playful and symbolic elements from classical to modern designs.
Relocation diffusion
The transport of ideas or behaviors through migration; at times, the areas where migrants settle continue a trait after it has lot its influence at the hearth
reverse hierarchical diffusion
when a trait diffuses from a group of lower status to a group of higher status
Examples of reverse hierarchical diffusion
Walmart, and tattoos
Sense of place
The general ways in which people feel about and assign values to places.
Sequent occupancy
Successive habitation of the same area over time.
Stimulus diffusion
when an underlying idea from a cultural hearth is adopted by another culture cut the adopting group modifies or rejects one trait
Syncretism
Development of a new culture trait by combining elements of distinct cultural traits.
What is an example of Syncretism
"Shalom Y'all" is an example of syncretism because it combines the Hebrew greeting "Shalom" with the Southern American English "Y'all" to create a new, culturally blended phrase.
Time-space convergence
Accelerated movement of goods, information, and ideas due to technological innovations.
Example of Time-space convergence
in the past, it might take days to communicate with someone in Japan, but today, we can do it instantly using emails and video calls.
Toponym
Place name.
Examples of toponyms
Descriptive Toponym- A name that describes a feature located there
Associative Toponym- A name that identifies with human adaptations to the location
Incident Toponym- A name associated with something that happened there
Commemorative Toponym- A name in order to honor a famous person
Commendatory Toponym- A name to praise the town
Possessive Toponym- Named after the founder of the area
Manufactured Toponym- A name just made up; something new
Mistaken Toponym- Names with historic mess-ups
Shift Toponym- Shifting a name already existing to the new place
Universalizing religion
Religions that attempt to appeal to all people globally.
Cultural complex
A series of connected traits
3 ways culture is learned
Imitations
Informal instruction: when you are reminded to keep doing a specific thing
Formal instruction; learn something in school
Traditional culture
Is used to merge the three cultures that include traditional, folk, and indigenous; All three types share the function of passing down long-held beliefs values, and practices and are generally resistant to Rapid change in their culture
Folk culture
The beliefs and practices of small homogeneous groups of people often living in rural areas that are relatively isolated and slow to change
Example of folk culture
The Amish ( can also be seen as traditional culture)
Indigenous culture
When members of an ethnic group resides in their ancestral lands and typically possess unique cultural traits such as speaking their own exclusive language; Some indigenous peoples have been displaced but still practice their culture
An example of indigenous culture
Native Americans and the Inuit people
Sociofax
Ways people organize their society and relate to one another
Traditional architecture
A style that reflects a Local's cultural history believes in values and Community adaptations for the environment and typically utilizes locally available materials; Adobe
Contemporary architecture
This style uses multiple advances to create buildings that rotate curve and stretch the limits of size and height
Cultural realms
Include multiple cultural regions
Charter group
The first group to establish cultural and religious customs in a place
Neolocalism
The process of reimbursing the uniqueness and authenticity of a place
Blue laws
laws that constrict certain activities; usually influenced by religion
Theocracies
Countries whose governments are run by religious leaders
Fundamentalism
an attempt to follow a literal interpretation of a religious fate
REMEMBER THESE
linguists
scientists that study language
adages
saying that attempt to express a truth about life, such as “The early bird get the worm”
REMEMBER THESE
Glocalization
A form of syncretism that involves the creation of products or services for the global markets by adapting them to local cultures
Nativist
anti-immigrant; xenophobic