Unit 6 of AP Human Geo

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Agglomeration

The clustering of industries or businesses in a particular area to take advantage of shared resources, infrastructure, or labor pools.

Assembly Line

A manufacturing process in which a product is assembled in a sequential manner, with each worker or machine performing a specific task along the production line.

Bulk-Gaining Industry

An industry in which the final product is heavier or more voluminous than the raw materials used in its production.

Bulk-Reducing Industry

An industry in which the final product is lighter or smaller than the raw materials, leading to facilities near the source of raw materials.

Capital

Financial resources or assets used to fund businesses or investments.

Consumptive Water Usage

The portion of water used in industrial processes that is not returned to the environment.

Cottage Industry

A small-scale, home-based industry where individuals produce goods or services, often on a handmade or small batch basis.

Deindustrialization

The decline or reduction in industrial activity, often accompanied by a shift to a service-based economy.

Export Processing Zone (EPZ)

A designated area within a country where goods are manufactured for export, often with tax exemptions or incentives.

Footloose Industry

An industry that is not tied to any specific location and can operate in a variety of places.

Fossil Fuel

Natural fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas formed from the remains of ancient organisms.

Post-Fordism

A system of flexible production that emphasizes customization and decentralized decision-making.

Geothermal Energy

Energy derived from the heat of the Earth's interior, harnessed for electricity or heating.

Greenhouse Effect

The trapping of heat in Earth's atmosphere by greenhouse gases, leading to global warming.

Just-In-Time Delivery (JIT)

A supply chain management strategy that minimizes inventory and ensures timely delivery of materials.

Industrial Revolution

A period of significant economic and technological change from agrarian to industrial economies.

Infrastructure

The fundamental facilities and systems required for the operation of a society.

International Division of Labor

The global distribution of production across countries, with developed countries handling higher-skill labor.

Labor-Intensive Industry

An industry that requires a large amount of labor relative to capital or machinery used.

Weber’s Least-Cost Theory

A theory explaining the location of industries based on minimizing transportation, labor, and agglomeration costs.

Maquiladora

A factory in Mexico that assembles products for export, often using imported materials.

Mass Production

A method of manufacturing large quantities of standardized products, typically using assembly lines.

Nonpoint Source Pollution

Pollution that comes from multiple, diffuse sources rather than a single point.

Outsourcing

The practice of contracting work to external organizations to reduce production costs.

Primary Industry

Industries that extract or harvest natural resources like mining and agriculture.

Post-Fordist Production

A flexible, decentralized production system focusing on smaller batches of customized products.

Potential vs. Proven Reserve

Potential Reserve refers to resources believed to exist but unconfirmed; Proven Reserve refers to confirmed, extractable resources.

Recycling

The process of converting waste materials into reusable raw materials.

Renewable Energy

Energy derived from natural sources that are replenished over time.

Right-to-Work Laws

Legislation that prohibits union membership as a condition of employment.

Secondary Industry

Industries involved in processing and manufacturing goods.

Special Economic Zone (SEZ)

A geographic area with more liberal business and trade laws to attract foreign investment.

Business Services

Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses.

Central Place Theory

A theory explaining the distribution of settlements and services based on size and hierarchy.

Clustered Rural Settlement

A rural settlement pattern where houses are grouped together around a central point.

Consumer Services

Services primarily meeting the needs of individuals, such as retail and healthcare.

Dispersed Rural Settlement

A rural settlement pattern where houses are spread out over a larger area.

Enclosure Movement

A historical process of privatizing common lands in rural England.

Gravity Model

A model predicting the interaction between two locations based on size and distance.

Hierarchy of Settlements

A system ranking settlements by size or importance.

Hinterland or Market Area

The surrounding region served by a particular settlement or central place.

Long-Lot Settlement

A settlement pattern with narrow, elongated lots along rivers or roads.

Non-Basic Business

A business providing goods or services primarily for the local population.

Periodic Market

A market held at regular intervals for the exchange of goods.

Primate City

The largest, most influential city in a country, often serving as a cultural and economic center.

Public Services

Services provided by the government for the public benefit.

Range

The maximum distance consumers are willing to travel to purchase a good or service.

Rank-Size Rule

A pattern in urban settlements where city sizes are inversely proportional to their rank.

Settlement

A community or group of people living in a specific location.

Service

An economic activity providing intangible goods or assistance to individuals or businesses.

Threshold

The minimum level of demand needed for a service or business to be viable.

Township-and-Range Survey

A land survey system dividing land into a grid of townships and ranges.

Urbanization

The process of increasing population movement from rural to urban areas.

World City

A city that plays a central role in the global economy, influencing finance, trade, culture, and politics.