Unit 6 of AP Human Geo

Here are definitions for the terms you've listed:

1. Agglomeration: The clustering of industries or businesses in a particular area to take advantage of shared resources, infrastructure, or labor pools.

2. Assembly Line: A manufacturing process in which a product is assembled in a sequential manner, with each worker or machine performing a specific task along the production line.

3. Bulk-Gaining Industry: An industry in which the final product is heavier or more voluminous than the raw materials used in its production, leading to the need for facilities near the market to minimize transportation costs.

4. Bulk-Reducing Industry: An industry in which the final product is lighter or smaller than the raw materials, leading to the need for facilities near the source of raw materials to reduce transportation costs.

5. Capital: Financial resources or assets used to fund businesses or investments. It can also refer to the physical means of production, such as factories, machinery, and tools.

6. Consumptive Water Usage: The portion of water used in industrial processes that is not returned to the environment, such as water used in irrigation or cooling systems that evaporates or is incorporated into products.

7. Cottage Industry: A small-scale, home-based industry where individuals produce goods or services, often on a handmade or small batch basis.

8. Deindustrialization: The decline or reduction in industrial activity, particularly in manufacturing, often accompanied by a shift to a service-based economy.

9. Export Processing Zone (EPZ): A designated area within a country where goods are manufactured for export, often with tax exemptions or other incentives to attract foreign investment.

10. Footloose Industry: An industry that is not tied to any specific location and can operate in a variety of places, typically because its production does not depend on raw materials, transportation costs, or other fixed location factors.

11. Fossil Fuel: Natural fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas formed from the remains of ancient organisms. They are commonly used for energy but contribute to environmental pollution and climate change.

12. Post-Fordism: A system of flexible production that emphasizes customization, the use of technology, and decentralized decision-making, as opposed to the rigid, mass production systems of Fordism.

13. Geothermal Energy: Energy derived from the heat of the Earth's interior, typically harnessed for electricity generation or direct heating purposes.

14. Greenhouse Effect: The trapping of heat in Earth's atmosphere by greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor, leading to global warming and climate change.

15. Just-In-Time Delivery (JIT): A supply chain management strategy that minimizes inventory and ensures that materials and products are delivered or produced only as they are needed for production or sale.

16. Industrial Revolution: A period of significant economic and technological change beginning in the late 18th century, characterized by the transition from agrarian economies to industrialized ones, with innovations in machinery, transportation, and manufacturing processes.

17. Infrastructure: The fundamental facilities and systems required for the operation of a society, including transportation, communication, energy supply, and public services.

18. International Division of Labor: The global distribution of different stages of production across countries, with developed countries often handling research, design, and high-skill labor, while developing countries focus on manufacturing or assembly.

19. Labor-Intensive Industry: An industry that requires a large amount of labor relative to the amount of capital or machinery used in production.

20. Weber’s Least-Cost Theory: A theory developed by economist Alfred Weber that explains the location of industries based on minimizing transportation costs, labor costs, and agglomeration costs.

21. Maquiladora: A factory in Mexico, often near the U.S. border, that assembles products for export, typically using imported raw materials or components, often taking advantage of lower labor costs.

22. Mass Production: A method of manufacturing large quantities of standardized products, often using assembly lines and specialized machinery to reduce costs and increase efficiency.

23. Nonpoint Source Pollution: Pollution that comes from multiple, diffuse sources rather than a single point, such as runoff from agricultural fields, urban areas, or mining sites.

24. Outsourcing: The practice of contracting out work or services to external organizations, often in lower-cost regions or countries, to reduce production costs.

25. Primary Industry: Industries that extract or harvest natural resources, such as mining, agriculture, fishing, and forestry.

26. Post-Fordist Production: A flexible, decentralized production system that focuses on smaller batches of customized products, relying on technology and skilled labor, as opposed to mass production.

27. Potential vs. Proven Reserve:

• Potential Reserve refers to resources that are believed to exist based on geological surveys, but have not yet been discovered or confirmed.

• Proven Reserve refers to resources that have been identified and are economically viable to extract with current technology.

28. Recycling: The process of converting waste materials into reusable raw materials to prevent waste and reduce the consumption of natural resources.

29. Renewable Energy: Energy derived from natural sources that are replenished over time, such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal energy.

30. Right-to-Work Laws: Legislation that prohibits employers and unions from requiring union membership as a condition of employment, often aimed at weakening labor unions.

31. Secondary Industry: Industries involved in the processing, manufacturing, and construction of goods, including factories and construction sites that transform raw materials into finished products.

32. Special Economic Zone (SEZ): A geographic area within a country where business and trade laws are more liberal than the rest of the country, often used to attract foreign investment and promote economic development.

33. Here are definitions for the additional terms you've provided:

    1. Business Services: Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses, rather than individual consumers, such as financial services, real estate, insurance, and legal services.

    2. Central Place Theory: A geographical theory developed by Walter Christaller, which explains the distribution of settlements and their services based on a hierarchical structure, where larger cities serve a larger area and offer more specialized services.

    3. Clustered Rural Settlement: A rural settlement pattern where houses and other buildings are grouped together in close proximity, often around a central point, such as a village square or church.

    4. Consumer Services: Services that primarily meet the needs of individuals or households, such as retail, education, health care, and entertainment.

    5. Dispersed Rural Settlement: A rural settlement pattern where houses and other buildings are spread out over a larger area, often with farms or individual homes situated far apart from one another.

    6. Enclosure Movement: A historical process in which common lands in rural England were privatized and enclosed by fences or hedges, often leading to increased agricultural efficiency and the displacement of small farmers.

    7. Gravity Model: A model used in geography to predict the interaction between two locations based on their size (population, economic activity) and the distance between them. The larger and closer the places are, the more likely they are to interact.

    8. Hierarchy of Settlements: A system in which settlements are ranked by size or importance, with larger settlements offering more specialized services and attracting larger populations than smaller ones.

    9. Hinterland or Market Area: The surrounding region or area that is served by a particular settlement or central place, typically where goods and services are distributed from the central location.

    10. Long-Lot Settlement: A settlement pattern commonly found in areas with French colonial influence, where land is divided into narrow, elongated lots along rivers or roads, allowing access to water and transportation.

    11. Non-Basic Business: A business that provides goods or services primarily for the local population and does not generate external income or attract customers from outside the area.

    12. Periodic Market: A market that is held at regular intervals, often weekly or monthly, in a specific location for the exchange of goods, typically in rural or less-developed areas.

    13. Primate City: A city that is the largest and most influential in a country or region, often disproportionately larger than the second-largest city, and typically serves as the economic, cultural, and political center.

    14. Public Services: Services provided by the government or state for the benefit of the public, such as education, healthcare, transportation, and public safety.

    15. Range: The maximum distance consumers are willing to travel to purchase a good or service. It refers to the spatial extent over which a service or product can attract customers.

    16. Rank-Size Rule: A pattern in urban settlements where the population of a city is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy. For example, the second-largest city is half the size of the largest, the third-largest is a third the size, and so on.

    17. Settlement: A community or group of people living in a specific location, typically with some form of infrastructure, organization, and functions such as housing, services, and economic activities.

    18. Service: An economic activity that provides intangible goods or assistance to individuals or businesses, rather than producing physical products. Examples include healthcare, education, and entertainment.

    19. Threshold: The minimum population or level of demand required for a service or business to be viable. A service needs a certain number of customers to be economically sustainable.

    20. Township-and-Range Survey: A land survey system used in the United States, particularly in the Midwest and Western states, where land is divided into a grid of townships and ranges, creating square or rectangular parcels of land.

    21. Urbanization: The process by which an increasing percentage of a population moves from rural areas to urban areas, leading to the growth and expansion of cities.

    22. World City: A city that plays a central role in the global economy, influencing international finance, trade, culture, and politics. Examples include cities like New York, London, and Tokyo.