US History Chapter 9, 10.5-10.6

different

In their 1961 addresses, Eisenhower and Kennedy's were \___________

- Eisenhower counseled caution in foreign affairs

- Kennedy proclaimed that Americans were ready to meet any challenges and offered hope that with hard work and persistence, the US could win the Cold War

flexible response

Eisenhower's defense policy emphasized the construction of nuclear weapons

- Kennedy wanted to make sure the US was prepared to fight both conventional wars against guerilla forces and he increased funding to conventional US forces

- Kennedy wanted a "\_________ \________" defense policy, one that prepared the US to fight any type of conflict

Kennedy

\________ believed that democracy combined with prosperity would contain or limit the spread of communism

- so he created programs to economically and politically strengthen the nations of the Third World

Peace Corps

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Alliance for Progress

a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems

- not successful
- (JFK) it promised to resurrect America's Good Neighbor Policy toward Latin America
- during the 1950s, Latin Americans resented the US because they thought it had too much influence in their region and JFK hoped this would change that view

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

- wanted to nationalize land held by the US

exiles

After breaking diplomatic relations with Cuba, the Eisenhower Administration authorized the CIA to plan an invasion of Cuba

- The CIA recruited Cuban \______ and trained them
- But when Eisenhower left office, the invasion plan was unexecuted

Bay of Pigs Invasion

failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs.

- Kennedy was pressured to implement the plan
- mismanaged and failed
- probably strengthened Castro's position in Cuba since it turned many Cuban Americans against Kennedy

- Kennedy took responsibility

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba

- In response, Kennedy demanded the removal of the missiles
- Kennedy blamed Nikita Khrushchev for causing a threat to world peace
- He announced that he had approved a naval quarantine (blockade) of Cuba to prevent the Soviets from completing the bases

- He indicated that he would remove US missiles in Turkey and Italy if the Soviets removed their missiles in Cuba
- He accepted this and removed the missiles

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

calm

After the agreement to remove the missiles, Khrushchev lost prestige and more strict leaders chipped away at his power

- While Kennedy emerged as a more mature and thoughtful leader and a person to remain \____ in danger

hot line

Khrushchev and Kennedy installed a "\___ \_____" telephone system between Moscow and Washington DC to improve communication

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

1963 nuclear-weapons agreement, which prohibited aboveground nuclear tests

- Between the US, Britain, and the Soviet Union and the, and then the other nations signed the agreement later

workers

Khrushchev wanted control of West Berlin because he saw the steady flow of skilled East German \_______ migrate into West Berlin

- he demanded the US recognize the formal division of Germany and end its military presence in West Berlin, but Kenndey refused

- This intensified the tension, instead of relaxing the Cold War tensions

military

After returning to the meeting, Kennedy asked Congress to increase \_________ spending

- Khrushchev ordered the construction of the Berlin wall

- Then Kennedy sent 1500 troops to West Berlin in response

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin was built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

- became a symbol of the gulf between the communist East and the democratic West

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam

- Wanted Vietnamese independence from France
- used guerilla warfare to fight anti-communist American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine
- Brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable

French

\_______ military forces ruled over Indochina with an iron fist

- they transplanted french laws into Vietnam and imposed high taxes
- French business people acquired large rice and rubber plantations and controlled the mineral wealth of the country

WWII

\______ had strengthened nationalist movements while weakening the economic and military positions of traditional European powers including France

Truman

President \_________ thought that if he supported Vietnamese independence, he would weaken anticommuist forces in France.

- So to ensure a strong, anticommunist Western Europe, Truman sacrificed his own anticolonial sentiments

agreed

Truman \________ to aid France's efforts to regain control over Vietnam because they wanted to ensure French support in the Cold War and Truman did not want tot wee another Communist victory in Asia

continued

When President Dwight Eisenhower took office he \___________ Truman's policies

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

- Ex: if Vietnam fell to communism, then its closest neighbors would follow, threatening Japan, the Philippines, and Australia

surrendered

After 8 years, The Vietminh trapped a large French garrison at Dien Bien Phu, a military base in northwest Vietnam, and laid siege to it for 55 days

- The Vietminh destroyed the French airstrip, cut French supply lines, and dug trenches to attack key French positions

- Then on May 7, 1954, the French \____________ and has a peace conference in Geneva, Switzerland

Geneva Accords

A 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956

- France granted independence to Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia

Dien Bien Phu

In 1954, Vietminh rebels besieged a French garrison at Dien Bien Phu, deep in the interior of northern Vietnam.

- President Eisenhower was willing to supply money, but not soldiers

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

defensive alliance aimed at preventing the spread of communism in Southeast Asia

- The US provided economic and military aid to the South Vietnamese government

Ngo Dinh Diem

A South Vietnamese ardent nationalist and anticommunist leader

- Although he lacked popularity, his anticommunism guaranteed American support

- In the 1956 Vietnam unification elections, the US predicted he would lose, so rather than that, he refused to participate in the elections

National Liberation Front (NLF)

Ho Chi Minh wanted to unite Vietnam under Northern rule and aided what group of communist rebels trying to overthrow Diem in the south.

- Official title of the Viet Cong, a communist rebel group in the south

- Created in 1960, they lead an uprising against Diem's repressive regime in the South.

Vietcong

A group of Communist guerrillas who, with the support of North Vietnam, fought against the South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War.

- they assassinated government officials, and destroyed roads and bridges

Catholic

Diem was a \_________ in a Buddhist nation, so he did little to build a political base

- Instead, he signed anti-Buddhist legislation and refused to enact significant land reforms

- His lack of support hurt him in the civil war against North Vietnam, but the support of the US kept him in power

Special Forces

After President Kennedy was elected, he sent \__________ \_______ troops to South Vietnam to advise the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) on more effective ways to fight the communist forces

- by 1963, more than 15,000 American military personnel were fighting in Vietnam

ruined

Although US military forces fought, Diem continued to alienate South Vietnamese citizens and by late 1963, his regime was \________

- Buddhists protested his restrictive policies, sometimes by setting themselves on fire

Kennedy Administration

The \___________ \____________ determined that South Vietnam needed new leadership

- so BTS, Americans plotted with anti-Siem generals to overthrow Diem's government

- on Nov. 1, 1963, Diem was removed from power and assassinated the following day

Johnson

After President Kennedy's assassination, President \____________ assumed power

- he had a monolithic view of communism and knew Americans expect victory in Vietnam

USS Maddox

On Aug 2, 1964, North Vietnamese torpedo boats fired on the American destroyer \____ \__________ as it patrolled the Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of North Vietnam

- the Maddox was not hit and returned fire

- Troubled by increasing strikes against an American ally, Johnson ordered an airstrike on North Vietnam

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

It authorized the President "to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression."

- it allowed Pres. Johnson to commit US troops to South Vietnam and fight a war against North Vietnam without ever going back to Congress to ask for a declaration of war

executive

In the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, Congress essentially handed its war powers as expressed in the Constitution to the \_______________ branch

- it made people question the relationship between the legislative and executive branches of government

Operation Rolling Thunder

the first bombing campaign over North Vietnam, supposed to convince North Vietnam to stop reinforcing the Vietcong in South Vietnam

- failed to convince North Vietnam
- a response to a Vietcong attack that killed US troops at Pleiku

Robert McNamara

Secretary of Defense under JFK & LBJ; expanded American involvement in Vietnam

- believed that the US needed to increase its military presence in Vietnam and do more of the fighting in order to win the war

- advised Pres. Johnson and changed his decision

William Westmoreland

American General who commanded American military operations in the Vietnam War at its peak from 1964 to 1968

- believed that the US needed to increase its military presence in Vietnam and do more of the fighting in order to win the war

- advised Pres. Johnson and changed his decision

Laos

IN 1965, US airstrikes North Vietnam and Vietcong in South Vietnam

- Meanwhile, a secret bombing campaigns against communist forces was underway in \____

- There, they dropped 6 mil tons of bombs on enemy positions

napalm and agent orange

Napalm

Jellied gasoline which was dropped in large canisters that exploded on impact, covering large areas in flames.

- used in Vietnam War

Agent Orange

a toxic leaf-killing chemical sprayed by U.S. planes in Vietnam to kill plant life

- used to expose Vietcong hideouts and disrupt the enemy's food supply

- thought to cause cancers and other physical problems

Marines

On March 8, 1965, US \________ arrived to defend the airbase at Da Nang

- they were given a variety of missions like guarding, search-and-destroy missions of killing as many Vietcong soldiers as they could

assured

Ho Chi Minh's military only fought when victory was \________

- he compared his troops to a tiger, while the American were like an elephant. If the tiger stays still, the elephant will crush it. But if the tiger keep moving and occasionally jumps on the elephant to take bite, the elephant will bleed to death

losing

The Vietcong traveled light, often carrying a rifle and rice

- they hid in tunnels during the day and ambushed American patrols during the night

- they infiltrated American bases and set off explosives, and set booby traps that maimed and crippled American troops

- their strategy was to wear the Americans down

- North Vietnamese leaders and the Vietcong thought that if they could avoid \________ the war, the Americans would eventually leave

didn't

Each year, US soldier's deaths and costs increase but \_______ seem closer to success

- America's mission was to help South Vietnam build a stable noncommunist nation and win the heart of citizens

- But corruption invaded the South Vietnamese administrative force

US

Unlike WWII, the Vietnam war did not emphasize territorial acquisition

- the US and its allies did not invade North Vietnam, march on Ho Chi Minh's capital of Hanoi, or attempt to destroy the communist regime

- As in the Korean War, the US was wary of triggering the Chinese and Soviet entry into the war

- Instead US forces supported the survival and development of South Vietnam, which was besieged by the Vietcong and their North Vietnamese allies

- In this, the \__ could not fully tell the difference between their allies and their enemies

Nature

The communists used guerilla tactics, fighting smaller skirmishes where their small-unit abilities and their knowledge of the landscape bettered their chances for victory

- \_______ was a natural cover for the communists and were able to attack and hide back into the landscape

protect

Many soldiers fought in the Vietnam war to...

- prevent the spread of communism
- \_______ villagers in South Vietnam and win their trust and respect
- fight for their country at war, and they felt it was their duty

questioned

As the war progressed, Americans \____________ US involvement because many were not certain that preserving the South Vietnamese government was crucial to American interests

- they also sensed that many South Vietnamese people were indifferent, if not openly hostile, towards their own nation

finances

The war strained government \_________

- since govt. spending increased, unemployment decreased also, but it lead to rising prices and inflation

- then the combination of heavy govt. spending, rising prices, and inflation forced Johnson to raise taxes

hawks

Americans who supported the Vietnam War

- believed strongly in the containment of communism and the domino theory

- they accepted rising troop levels, escalating costs, and the increasing number of battlefield deaths

- For them, Vietnam was a crucial from in the Cold War

Doves

Americans who opposed the Vietnam War

- a diverse group that included liberal politicians, pacifists, student radicals, and civil rights leaders questioned the war on both moral and strategic grounds

- For them, the conflict was a localized civil war, not a vital Cold War battleground

Selective Service System

By 1965, most of the troops sent to Vietnam were no longer volunteers who enlisted in the army but were draftees

- over 1.5 million 18-25-year-old men were called up based on projected military needs

- Critics of the \________ \_______ \________ argued that the draft was not fair

deferments

The Selective Service System granted \___________ to college students and men who worked in certain designated occupations

- most soldiers were poor

African American

In Vietnam, \________ \__________ troops fighting and dying were unusually high

- also they were more likely to serve in combat positions than become commissioned officers

away

MLK spoke out and said that the war was hurting both blacks and whites

- Vietnam was drawing human and economic resources \______ from America's other wars on poverty and discrimination

lottery

In 1969, the Selective Service System, adopted a \__________ that was designed to eliminate deferment abuses and create a more diverse army of draftees

Colleges

\_________ and universities were focal points of the strongest antiwar opinions

- Many who protested were from middle-class families while those from working-class families were less likely to protest

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

An organization for social change founded by college students in 1960

- originally formed to campaign against racism and poverty, but soon began campaigning to end the war in Vietnam

- By 1964, it organized campus "teach-ins" and demonstrations against the war and encouraged draft-age males to sign "We Won't Go" petition

26th Amendment

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

- supported by President Eisenhower

- "old enough to fight, old enough to vote"

media

Most Americans learned of the Vietnam War through the \_______ and TV new reports

- for the first time, citizens saw the brutal reality of war

credibility gap

American public's growing distrust of statements made by the government during the Vietnam War

- an apparent difference between what is said or promised and what happens or is true

Westmoreland

Before the Tet Offensive, General \_____________ said that the Vietcong were declining in strength and could not longer mount a major offensive, but the communists were planning a big attack

Tet Offensive

1968, during Tet, the Vietnam lunar new year - Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army raiding forces attacked provincial capitals throughout Vietnam, even seizing the U.S. embassy for a time in Saigon

- U.S. opinion began turning against the war.

- communists wanted to hold cities until the urban population took up arms in their support and thought this attack had a good chance of ending the war

- US and South Vietnamese forces repelled the attacks and no popular uprising of South Vietnam

- Demonstrated that the communists had not lost their will or the ability to fight

Clark Clifford

Secretary of Defense that suggested that President Johnson should shift US policy from pursuing victory to pursuing a negotiated peace

- Because sending more troops would require raising taxes, increasing draft rolls, and calling up reserves

Eugene McCarthy

the first antiwar advocate to challenge Johnson for the 1968 Democratic presidential nomination

- he and RFK believed the war had divided America and drained resources away from the fights against poverty and discrimination

Robert Kennedy

He was a Democrat who ran for president in 1968 promoting civil rights and other equality based ideals. He was ultimately assassinated in 1968, leaving Nixon to take the presidency but instilling hope in many Americans.

- he and McCarthy believed the war had divided America and drained resources away from the fights against poverty and discrimination

negotiated

In 1968, President Johnson announced that America would limit its bombing of North Vietnam and seek a \_________ settlement to the war

reelect

After President Johnson said he wouldn't \_________, Americans believed it provided an opportunity to enact fundamental political and social changes

- but it would die due to political infighting, violence, and assassinations

MLK

On April 4, 1968, \___ was assassinated shot and killed him in Memphis Tennessee

- he contributed compelling social and moral reasons to the argument for peace

Robert

\________ Kennedy was assassinated on June 5, 1968, while he was making a speech about his campaign

Chicago Democratic Convention

Where 10,000 antiwar (Vietnam war) protestors gathered outside as Hubert Humphrey was decided upon as the Democratic candidate in 1968

- police beat activists, while protesters attacked the police

- These divisions mirrored the deep divisions in American politics and the heartbreaking violence on the front lines of Vietnam

Nixon

\_______ promised to listen to the "silent majority"

- he used the "Southern Strategy" of courting more conservative Southern voters with appeals to law and order striving to pull them away from their traditional support of the Democratic Party

- won the election

George Wallace

\_______ \________ said that neither of the traditional political parties represented Southern voter who were unsettled by the cultural and social changes in the country

- he had no sympathy for the demands of antiwar radicals, counterculture hippies, or African American militants

- He represented the "white backlash" against the civil rights movement and the desire to press forward to victory in Vietnam

withdrawal

When Nixon was elected president in 1969, the Americans and South Vietnamese wanted all communist troops out of South Vietnam and wanted POWs returned

- While the North Vietnamese wanted an immediate American \__________ from Vietnam and the formation of a coalition government in South Vietnam that would include representatives from the Vietcong

- Both sides are stubborn and are determined to have peace on their terms

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces (ARVN)

- the hope was that with continued American aid behind the front lines, the ARVN would fight its own battles

- did not significantly improve South Vietnam's chances

bombing

To reduce the flow of communist supplies to the Vietcong, Nixon ordered the secret \_______ of the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Cambodia

- was controversial because it widened the scope of the war and helped to undermine the neutral government in Cambodia

- did not significantly improve South Vietnam's chances

international

Nixon wanted "peace with honor," security for America's ally South Vietnam, and \_____________ respect for US foreign policy

- he stressed that the war had become a measure of how committed the US was to preserving freedom around the world

Cambodia

IN 1970, Nixon attempted to break the stalemate of peace negotiations by ordering a ground attack on North Vietnamese Army and Vietcong bases in \__________

- he hoped to aid the pro-American Cambodian government in its fight again the Khmer Rouge, a communist movement supported by North Vietnam

- the next morning, the attack occurred and US and ARVN troops captured large stockpiles of weapons and supplies, but did not break the stalemate

- this stirred antiwar activists, who argued that Nixon widened the war and made the world a more dangerous place

Kent State Killings

In April of 1970, police fired into an angry crowd of college students at Kent State University because one guardsman thought he heard a sniper's shot, so he fired his rifle, which prompted other National Guardsmen to shoot.

- Four students were killed and many others were wounded.

- The students were protesting against Nixon ordering US troops to seize Cambodia without consulting Congress.

Jackson State University Shootings

Jackson University was a black institution. Police killed two student anti-war (Vietnam) protestors here.

- Demonstrated that anti war sentiment had spread beyond elite campuses.

Counter protesters

\_________ \__________ started hitting antiwar protesters thinking they spit on the US flag

- days later, thousands of citizens marched peacefully through Manhattan's streets in support of Nixon and the war effort

My Lai

1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, thinking they were disguised Vietcong fighters posing as civilians

- led to more opposition to the war.

- was made worse by an inadequate military investigation of the incident

- was revealed by a magazine with photos of the event

William Calley

a lieutenant who's unit began shooting and killing unarmed civilians at My Lai.

- he later maintained that he was following orders, but many of the soldiers present did not participate in the massacre.

- was blamed for the attack

added

The News of the My Lai massacre, the coverup, and Calley's trail shocked Americans and \_____ fuel to the antiwar protests

- The invasion of Cambodia, the Pentagon Papers, and the killings on college campuses turned more Americans against the war

Pentagon Papers

classified government history of U.S. involvement in Vietnam, published by The New York Times in 1971

- revealed that American leaders involved in Vietnam didn't fully inform the American people and occasionally lied to Congress

- stirred more Americans against the war

New York Times v. United States

Nixon tied to block the full publication of the Pentagon Papers

- but the Supreme Court ruled against the administration

Paris Peace Accords

1973 peace agreement between the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Vietcong that effectively ended the Vietnam War

- the parties agreed to a cease-fire and a US troop withdrawal from South Vietnam

- POWs would be exchanged, but North Vietnamese troops would remain in South Vietnam

- The National Liberation Front (Vietcong) would become a legitimate political party in South Vietnam, and South Vietnam's noncommunist government would remain in power pending a political settlement

Neither

After the Paris Peace Accords, \__________ North nor South Vietnam honored the cease-fire or worked toward a diplomatic settlement of their differences

- Without American aid and support, the ARVN was no match for the Soviet-supplied North Vietnamese Army

genocide

Predicted to have a domino effect, the communist takeover in Vietnam also spread to Laos and Cambodia

- In Cambodia, the ruling Khmer Rouge unleashed a \___________ on the populace, killing everyone who had ties to the West or the previous Cambodian government

misjudged

American foreign policy strategists \_________ the spread of communism

- they concluded that it was a monolithic global movement controlled by Moscow and Beijing

- but after the war's aftermath, communist movements in Southeast Asia were nationalistic and intolerant of outside influences

- In 1978, Vietnam invaded Cambodia and installed a pro-Vietnamese government. China supported the ousted Khmer Rouge

- Then the US supported a coalition of anti-communist Cambodian opposition groups that included the Khmer Rouge

Citizens

\_________ differed on the Vietnam War

- some thought the US should've never entered the war and that their leaders lied to them

- Some think that the war was part of an ongoing struggle against communism and that in the end, the US betrayed South Vietnam

suffered

Some returning veterans \__________ from physical and psychological ailments for years when they returned home

- whole others enjoyed warmth

Roy P. Benavidez

Master Sergeant Raul Perez "Roy" Benavidez was a member of the United States Army Special Forces and retired United States Army master sergeant who received the Medal of Honor for his valorous actions in combat near Lộc Ninh, South Vietnam on May 2, 1968.

- he saved 8 men, while injured

Great Society

Johnson's \_______ \__________ campaign was a victim from the war by paying for more guns, which left less money for the textbooks, school lunches, and prenatal care

War Powers Act

the act restricted the President's war-making powers by requiring him to consult with Congress within 48 hours of committing American forces to a foreign conflict

- was a congressional attempt to check the unilateral formation of American foreign policy and stop the growth of the "imperial presidency"

- was an attempt to regain some of the power from the executive branch and return it to the legislative branch