Rad 91 quiz 3 (ch12) Pharmacology for Radiographer

Adverse reaction

And effect produced by a drug that is severe or life-threatening

Angina

A severe constricting pain or sensation in the chest that may radiate to the shoulder or arm. Related to coronary artery disease.

Bio transformation

The alteration of a substance/drug within the body.

Clearance rate

The amount of time it takes for a drug to leave the body.

Contraindication

A situation in which a drug should not be used because it may be harmful to the patient.

Drug

Any substance other than food, used to prevent, diagnosed, treat or cure a disease.

Enteral

Within the G.I./gastrointestinal tract.

First-pass effect

Partial metabolism of a drug before it reaches the system circulation/bloodstream.

(I.e. : Digestion in the stomach first).

Half-life

The time it takes for the drug present in the body to be decreased by 50%.

Hypertonic

The same as hyperosmolar, when a fluid is hypertonic, it creates dehydration.

Intra-arterial

Within the artery

Intra-articular

Into a cavity of a joint.

Intraosseous

IV in The tibia/fibula placed by paramedics as last resort.

Contrast media can be injected when normal IV is not available.

Intrathecal

Into the spinal canal – subarachnoid space-route administration of the drug.

Parenterally

Refers to administration of drug by penetrating into the skin.

Radiolucent

Classification of contrast agents that allow the photon energy to pass through it, creating a DARK area on the image.

Negative -

Radiopaque

Classification of contrast media that absorbs the photon energy, creating a WHITE area on the image.

Positive +

Retrograde

Installation Of contrast in the direction opposite to that of the physiological flow of fluids in the body.

Side effect

And effects produced by a drug that is mild, common, unintended, and non-toxic.

Sublingual

Under the tongue.

Thrombosis

Clotting Within a blood vessel.

Tonicity

The osmotic Pressure of a solution relative to that of blood.

Toxic reaction

A life-threatening effect of a drug that may occur immediately or over a long period of the particular drugs administration.

Vasovagal

A type of effect that occurs from high anxiety rather than from the actual examination or drug infection.

Biological response

Desirable= Therapeutic

Undesirable= Adverse

Biologic

An agent naturally produced in animal cells, microorganisms, or by the body itself.

-Hormones

-Vaccines

Alternative therapies

Natural plant extracts, herbs, techniques considered unconventional, such as acupuncture.

Proprietary

Treat names are assigned by the particular manufacturer of the drug.

Chemical

Present the exact chemical formula of the drug, which remains the same, no matter the name or reference.

Generic

Name given to the drug before it’s official use.

This name is assigned by the US adapted name console. Name used to describe the drug.

Generic name – parenteral diazepam

Diazepam Is generic name for Valium.

Drug/chemical classification

Classified by how each type of drug effects the central nervous system.

Depressants

Slow dysfunction of the central nervous system.

Relaxed, coordination and cognition is effected.

Alcohol, opiates, tranquilizers.

Stimulants

Speed up the function of the central nervous system.

Increase in heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature.

Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines.

pharmacodynamics

The study of uptake, movement, binding of drugs at the area of interaction with a tissue.

Pharmacokinetics

Study of movement of drugs at Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion .

Passive diffusion

Most common way for drugs to be absorbed. Higher to lower concentration in the cell membrane.

Reason for contrast administration

-to visually show the difference in tissue densities on the image.

-More detail and Imogen to demonstrate diagnostic value.

-Demonstrate how the organs are perfusing the blood.

-Demonstrate different faces of blood circulation.

Pre-contrast considerations

-It’s documented on doctors order.

-Does patient have any allergies to x-ray contrast?

-kidney (renal)function

-is patient on anticoagulant?

-GFR Within normal limits for hospital policy.

Pre-contrast considerations

Iodine-x-ray, angio, Cath Lab, OR, nuclear med

MRI - gadolinium (NM)

Kidney function

-glomerular Filtration rate: calculated with patient’s age and creatinine.

-Creatinine 0.5 through 1.5 normal range. Done with a chem panel lab test.

-iSTAT creatinine Monitor: Portable creatinine run in radiology department after patient has their blood drawn in the lab for STAT studies.

Contrast Agents Used

3 Types:

•negative: air- Radiolucent (dark area)

•positive : barium Sulfate 2%-Radiopaque( white area)

barium Sulfate 1% (volume)

•radionuclides : nuclear medicine- may be radioactive

Barium

Does NOT dissolve in water.

Most common type of contrast used in imaging the G.I. system.

Mixing is Necessary so that the barium crystals(metal) remain dispersed in water.

Ionic contrast agents

-high osmolar

-High risk to allergic reactions

-No longer used or manufactured due to risk.

Non ionic contrast agents

-low osmolar/less ions

-iodine intravenous contrast

-Gastroview: ( PO contrast containing iodine).

Mild Allergic Reactions

itching , hives

-may resolve on their own

-pt given Benadryl/ or nothing at all

-still document/ will need pre medication next time

Moderate Allergic Reactions

Itching, hives, Rash, chest discomfort, little scratchy on the throat.

-Symptoms don’t worsen

-Patient is treated with Benadryl/Monitored for at least 30 minutes and reevaluate it by radiologist.

-Lungs are checked and vitals are taken by technologist or radiologist.

-Document to have allergic reactions and Must be pre medicated next time, per radiologist discretion.

Severe Allergic Reactions

Itching, chest pain, short of breath, tightness in the chest, tongue, swelling, scratchy throat, Difficulty swallowing.Drop in blood pressure.

-Vital signs are taken immediately

-May need to administer oxygen/CPR if patient does not respond to treatment.

-Immediate treatment to prevent cardiac arrest or loss of airway.

-Radiologist/paramedics/code blue called.

-Patient often given epinephrine for treatment.

-Patient should NEVER get iodine or any type of iodine x-ray contrast again.

Vasodilators

Affect the muscles in the walls of the arteries to prevent them from narrowing. Open the blood vessels.

Example:

-trade name : ADRENALINE

-generic name: EPINEPHRINE

• Used to restore cardiac rhythm in cardiac arrest. Also used as OTC agent for asthma.

Antihistamines

Used to treat, anaphylactic shock, upper respiratory disorders, acute urticaria , Adema, hypersensitivity reactions, motion, sickness, and nausea. Some are used OTC sleep medications.

Example:

trade name: BENADRYL

generic name: DIPHENHYDRAMINE

-Used to prevent anaphylaxis.( acute allergic reaction to an antigen)

Bronchodilators

Used to make breathing easier by relaxing the muscles in the lungs and widening the bronchi.

Example:

-trade name: ADRENALIN

generic name: Epinephrine

-All used to treat long-term conditions where the airways may become narrow and inflamed.

Coagulants

Drugs that helped the blood to form clots. It is the opposite of anticoagulation.

Example:

Amicar/ menadione

Generic name: aminocaproic acid/ vitamin k3

-An antifibrinolytic agent Used to induce clotting after surgery./A vitamin K that assist in the normal clotting of blood.

Anticoagulants

Used to prevent thrombus formations before surgical and imaging procedures. They are used to prevent extension of thrombi by after myocardial infarction.

Examples: trade name/generic name:

-Heparin/heparin sodium : inhibits clots . Helps with venous catheters.

-Coumadin/ warfarin sodium : emboli prevention in atrial fibrillation, heart valve damage .

- menadione/ vitamin k3 : assist in normal blood clotting . (Same as coagulants)