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Flashcards in the FILL_IN_THE_BLANK style based on the provided lecture notes.
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__ rights are those that all people are born with (life,liberty,property,happiness) that no government can take away
Natural
__ is the notion that the ultimate authority rests with the people
Popular sovereignty
__ is a system of government in which the government's authority comes from the people through their perspectives
Republicanism
People agree to form a government to protect their rights, and in return, they obey laws. If the government fails the people change it. This is known as __.
Social Contract
The __ Plan proposed a bicameral legislature (two houses) with both houses having proportional representation to the population
Virginia
The __ Plan proposed a unicameral legislature where each state delegation (chosen by state legislature) and they would get one equal vote in legislature
New Jersey
The __ created a Congress with two houses: the House of Representative and the Senate.
Great Compromise/Connecticut Compromise
The __ was an agreement reached by delegates at the constitutional convention that a slave would count as 3/5ths of a person when calculating state representation
⅗ Compromise
Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress __ collect taxes
could not
Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress __ regulate trade
could not
Under the Articles of Confederation, __ states needed to approve to pass laws.
9/13
Under the Articles of Confederation, __ states had to agree to pass amendments.
All 13
__ powers include coining money,declare war, regulate interstate and foreign trade, maintain armed forces, and make treaties with foreign nations
Delegated
__ powers include levy taxes, borrow money, enforce laws, establish courts, and provide for general welfare
Concurrent
__ powers include conduct elections, establish local government, regulate intrastate trade, set up schools, and issue licenses
Reserved
A __ vote in both the House and Senate is needed to propose an amendment to the Constitution.
⅔
__ federalism is a system of government in which both the states and national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some polices
Dual
__ grants are very specific/limited in purpose and gave the federal government tight control over how money was used, given for specific purposes given with conditions on how states must use the money
Categorical
__ federalism is the system of financial relationships between the national, state, and local government that focuses on how money (federal funds) are distributed to states and how it’s used to influence state policy
Fiscal
__ grants are typically allocated for broad policy areas (like healthcare, education, community development). The funds can be used flexibility within these broad categories allowing states to design/implement programs based on specific issues.
Block
__ refers to shift in the balance of power between the federal government and state government, with an emphasis on devoting authority back towards the states
New federalism
__ promotes policy diversity, Allows states to handle economic growth, and helps the national government not feel overwhelmed
Federalism
__ has 6 year terms with 2 senators per state
The Senate
__ has 2 year terms with number per state based on state population
The House
The __ occurs in the Senate
Filibuster
__ trials are held in the Senate
Impeachment
If a tie occurs in the Senate the __ cast a vote
vice president
IF a candidate does not win the presidency, he or she is chose by the __ (in case of a tie)
House
__ is the most powerful member of Congress
Speaker of the House
The primary responsibility of the __ is mobilizing party support
Whip
All of the following require ⅔ votes: treaty ratification by the Senate, amendment proposal by both houses of Congress, and __
Conviction of an impeached Offical by the Senate
Impeachment of the President occurs in the _ with a ___ vote needed
House; majority
If an Offical has been impeach, the trial occur in the _ and ____ vote is needed
Senate; 2/3rds
__ bills originate in the House of Representatives
Revenue
__ are approved by the Senate with ⅔ majority vote
Treaties
Nominees to the Supreme Court must be __ by the senate
Approved
In order to override a veto, _ are needed in COngress
⅔ vote
To confirm a cabinet member, it is required to have ____ vote in the _____
majority; senate
After a bill is introduced in congress it is referred to a _ for consideration
committee
__ is when members of congress secure funds for specific projects in their own districts or states often to benefit their constituents and boost their reelection chances
Pork Barrel Legislation
__ is an agreement between lawmakers to vote for each others bills or pet projects
Logrolling
Oversight, Veteran’ Affairs, and Financial Services are examples of __ Committees
Standing
Taxes bills begin in the __ committee
Ways and Means
A member of Congress who votes along party lines is acting as a __
Partisan
The __ Amendment stated that today senators are elected by the citizens of their state
17th
Government spending through appropriation is known as __ spending
Discretionary
Gaurenteeded payments to a certain class of people is known as __ spending
Mandatory
Practic of manipulating boundaries of electoral districts to give one political party or group an unfair advantage in elections is __
Gerry Mandering
The process of redrawing the boundaries of congressional districts within a state to ensure each district has a roughy equal population is __
Redistricting
Process of redistributing the 435 seats in the house of rep based on updated population figures from the census is __
Reapportionment
When legislative districts have unequal populations, which means some people’s votes carry more weight then others is __
Malapportionment
The president makes treaties with other nations subject to the agreement of ⅔ of __
Senate
__ refers to the presidents unique ability to speak directly ro rhe public and use that visibility to shape the national conversation and influence policy agenda
bully pulpit
The __ limits the president to two elected terms in office (or maximum of 10 years)
22nd Amendment
__ creates an order of succession for the president if he were to be incapacitated
25th Amendment
Hamilton argues for a unitary executive for the following reasons: holds the president accountable and __
Ability to be decisive
__ is made up of government agencies, departments, and commissions that help carry out the laws and policies passed by congress and the prsidence
Bureaucracy
Hiring and promoting people based on loyalty or knowing the right people is known as __
Patronage
The __ Limits political activity of federal employees which restricts them from engaging in partisan political activities while on duty
Hatch Act
Bureaucratic ___ carry out broad areas of national policy and are elected by members of the presidents cabinet. Ex: Department of defense; department of education
Cabinet Departments
Bureaucratic ___ Operate outside the cabinet departments but still report to the president and Focus on specific issues or services. Ex: NASA; Environmental Protection agency
Independent Agencies
Bureaucratic ___ Regulate specific parts of the economy; Make rules and enforce penalties. Ex: Federal Communications Commission; Securities and Exchange Commission; Federal Reserve BOard
Independent Regulatory Commissions
Bureaucratic ___ provide services that could be done by private businesses, but ar run by the government because they’re essential or not profitable enough for private industry. Ex: US postal service; Amtrack
Government Corporations
A stable, mutually beneficial relationship between: congressional committees, bureaucratic agencies, and interest groups is __
Iron Triangle
A fluid and inclusive web of relationships among: policy makers, interest groups, and media is __
Issue Network
Lower federal courts are created by __
Congress
A __ is used to call up a case to the Supreme Court
writ of certiorari
__: means “friend of the court” and is filed by an interest party who is not part of the suit
Amicus Curiae
The __ has no original jurisdiction
U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals
The power of the courts to examine laws, actions, and regulations to determine whether they are constitutional is __
Judicial review
__ establishes the judicial branch, creates the supreme court, grants congress the authority to create lower federal courts, Garuntees judical independence, and Grants the power to hear cases
Article 3 of the Constitution
The __ Established the structure of the federal court; Created lower federal courts; Created the 3 tired system (Supreme CourtCircut Courts, District Courts), Gave the Supreme Court the authority to hear appeals from state courts and set up original jurisdiction in certain cases, Authorized writs of mandamus
Judiciary Act of 1789
__ Established Judical review giving the Supreme Court the power to strike down laws and execute axtions that violate the constitution
Marbury v. Madison
__ is a single decisive question or issue used to evaluate potential nominees
Litmus Test
Hamilton describes judiciary as the least dangerous branch in __
Federalist #78
__ is the philosophy where judges are willing to interpret the COnstitution and laws in ways that actively shape policy and expand rights ot address socieal issues
Judicial activism
__ is the philosophy where judges defer to the legislative and executive branches, interpreting the Constitution and laws narrowly and avoiding unnecessary intervenes
Judical Restraint
A Construction is a literal, narrow interpretation of the Constitution While a Construction is a Broader, more flexible interpretation of the constitution
Strict, Loose
Controled by Federal reserve means __
Monetary Policy
Created by congress means __
Fiscal Policy
If unemployment is high, the Federal reserve will __ interest rates
lower
__ economics urge large tax cuts by the government
Supply side
Guarantees freedoms that the government cannot take away by law or judicial interpretation are __
Civil Liberties
Polices that extend basic rights to groups historically subject to discriminatory practices are __
Civil Rights
Rights of the accused: due process, protection against double jeopardy, protection against self incrimination are protected by __ Amendment
5th
People have rights that aren't specifically listen in the Constitution are protected by __ Amendment
9th
Powers given to the federal government are reserved to the states or the people are protected by __ Amendment
10th
The __ Clause Prohibits states and local governments form depriving anyone of life liberty or pro[erty without due process of the laws
Due Process
The __ Clause Requires states to provide equal protection under the law to all people
Equal Protection
Through __, the Supreme Court has gradually applied most of the protections in the bill of rights to the states using the 14th amendment due process clause
Selective incorporation
__ Amendment Garunteed the right to vote for African Americans
15th
Voluntary Nondenominal prayer in schools was determined by __ to be a violation of the establishment clause
Engel v. Vitale
__ ruled that amish religous belief outweighted the states interest in madatory education through age 16
Wisconson v. Yoder
Slander, obscenity, and libel are __ a protected form of speech
NOT
__ Ruling stated that speech can be limited during wartime if it present CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER to national security
Schenck v. U.S.
__ ruled agianst prior restraint in the case of the pentagon papers, which allowed them to be published
NYT v US
__ says that the second amendment applies to the states through due process of the 14th amendment
McDonald v. Chicago
In __, Court ruled before police interrogate someone in custody they must inform them of their rights
Miranda v. Arizona
Evidence obtained illegally without a warrent or probable cause cannot be used in court due to __
Exclusionary Rule
__ says that the states must prove an attorney to defendents in serious criminal cases
Gideon v. Wainwright