AP Government Final

Flashcards in the FILL_IN_THE_BLANK style based on the provided lecture notes.

__ rights are those that all people are born with (life,liberty,property,happiness) that no government can take away

Natural

__ is the notion that the ultimate authority rests with the people

Popular sovereignty

__ is a system of government in which the government's authority comes from the people through their perspectives

Republicanism

People agree to form a government to protect their rights, and in return, they obey laws. If the government fails the people change it. This is known as __.

Social Contract

The __ Plan proposed a bicameral legislature (two houses) with both houses having proportional representation to the population

Virginia

The __ Plan proposed a unicameral legislature where each state delegation (chosen by state legislature) and they would get one equal vote in legislature

New Jersey

The __ created a Congress with two houses: the House of Representative and the Senate.

Great Compromise/Connecticut Compromise

The __ was an agreement reached by delegates at the constitutional convention that a slave would count as 3/5ths of a person when calculating state representation

⅗ Compromise

Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress __ collect taxes

could not

Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress __ regulate trade

could not

Under the Articles of Confederation, __ states needed to approve to pass laws.

9/13

Under the Articles of Confederation, __ states had to agree to pass amendments.

All 13

__ powers include coining money,declare war, regulate interstate and foreign trade, maintain armed forces, and make treaties with foreign nations

Delegated

__ powers include levy taxes, borrow money, enforce laws, establish courts, and provide for general welfare

Concurrent

__ powers include conduct elections, establish local government, regulate intrastate trade, set up schools, and issue licenses

Reserved

A __ vote in both the House and Senate is needed to propose an amendment to the Constitution.

⅔

__ federalism is a system of government in which both the states and national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some polices

Dual

__ grants are very specific/limited in purpose and gave the federal government tight control over how money was used, given for specific purposes given with conditions on how states must use the money

Categorical

__ federalism is the system of financial relationships between the national, state, and local government that focuses on how money (federal funds) are distributed to states and how it’s used to influence state policy

Fiscal

__ grants are typically allocated for broad policy areas (like healthcare, education, community development). The funds can be used flexibility within these broad categories allowing states to design/implement programs based on specific issues.

Block

__ refers to shift in the balance of power between the federal government and state government, with an emphasis on devoting authority back towards the states

New federalism

__ promotes policy diversity, Allows states to handle economic growth, and helps the national government not feel overwhelmed

Federalism

__ has 6 year terms with 2 senators per state

The Senate

__ has 2 year terms with number per state based on state population

The House

The __ occurs in the Senate

Filibuster

__ trials are held in the Senate

Impeachment

If a tie occurs in the Senate the __ cast a vote

vice president

IF a candidate does not win the presidency, he or she is chose by the __ (in case of a tie)

House

__ is the most powerful member of Congress

Speaker of the House

The primary responsibility of the __ is mobilizing party support

Whip

All of the following require ⅔ votes: treaty ratification by the Senate, amendment proposal by both houses of Congress, and __

Conviction of an impeached Offical by the Senate

Impeachment of the President occurs in the _ with a ___ vote needed

House; majority

If an Offical has been impeach, the trial occur in the _ and ____ vote is needed

Senate; 2/3rds

__ bills originate in the House of Representatives

Revenue

__ are approved by the Senate with ⅔ majority vote

Treaties

Nominees to the Supreme Court must be __ by the senate

Approved

In order to override a veto, _ are needed in COngress

⅔ vote

To confirm a cabinet member, it is required to have ____ vote in the _____

majority; senate

After a bill is introduced in congress it is referred to a _ for consideration

committee

__ is when members of congress secure funds for specific projects in their own districts or states often to benefit their constituents and boost their reelection chances

Pork Barrel Legislation

__ is an agreement between lawmakers to vote for each others bills or pet projects

Logrolling

Oversight, Veteran’ Affairs, and Financial Services are examples of __ Committees

Standing

Taxes bills begin in the __ committee

Ways and Means

A member of Congress who votes along party lines is acting as a __

Partisan

The __ Amendment stated that today senators are elected by the citizens of their state

17th

Government spending through appropriation is known as __ spending

Discretionary

Gaurenteeded payments to a certain class of people is known as __ spending

Mandatory

Practic of manipulating boundaries of electoral districts to give one political party or group an unfair advantage in elections is __

Gerry Mandering

The process of redrawing the boundaries of congressional districts within a state to ensure each district has a roughy equal population is __

Redistricting

Process of redistributing the 435 seats in the house of rep based on updated population figures from the census is __

Reapportionment

When legislative districts have unequal populations, which means some people’s votes carry more weight then others is __

Malapportionment

The president makes treaties with other nations subject to the agreement of ⅔ of __

Senate

__ refers to the presidents unique ability to speak directly ro rhe public and use that visibility to shape the national conversation and influence policy agenda

bully pulpit

The __ limits the president to two elected terms in office (or maximum of 10 years)

22nd Amendment

__ creates an order of succession for the president if he were to be incapacitated

25th Amendment

Hamilton argues for a unitary executive for the following reasons: holds the president accountable and __

Ability to be decisive

__ is made up of government agencies, departments, and commissions that help carry out the laws and policies passed by congress and the prsidence

Bureaucracy

Hiring and promoting people based on loyalty or knowing the right people is known as __

Patronage

The __ Limits political activity of federal employees which restricts them from engaging in partisan political activities while on duty

Hatch Act

Bureaucratic ___ carry out broad areas of national policy and are elected by members of the presidents cabinet. Ex: Department of defense; department of education

Cabinet Departments

Bureaucratic ___ Operate outside the cabinet departments but still report to the president and Focus on specific issues or services. Ex: NASA; Environmental Protection agency

Independent Agencies

Bureaucratic ___ Regulate specific parts of the economy; Make rules and enforce penalties. Ex: Federal Communications Commission; Securities and Exchange Commission; Federal Reserve BOard

Independent Regulatory Commissions

Bureaucratic ___ provide services that could be done by private businesses, but ar run by the government because they’re essential or not profitable enough for private industry. Ex: US postal service; Amtrack

Government Corporations

A stable, mutually beneficial relationship between: congressional committees, bureaucratic agencies, and interest groups is __

Iron Triangle

A fluid and inclusive web of relationships among: policy makers, interest groups, and media is __

Issue Network

Lower federal courts are created by __

Congress

A __ is used to call up a case to the Supreme Court

writ of certiorari

__: means “friend of the court” and is filed by an interest party who is not part of the suit

Amicus Curiae

The __ has no original jurisdiction

U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals

The power of the courts to examine laws, actions, and regulations to determine whether they are constitutional is __

Judicial review

__ establishes the judicial branch, creates the supreme court, grants congress the authority to create lower federal courts, Garuntees judical independence, and Grants the power to hear cases

Article 3 of the Constitution

The __ Established the structure of the federal court; Created lower federal courts; Created the 3 tired system (Supreme CourtCircut Courts, District Courts), Gave the Supreme Court the authority to hear appeals from state courts and set up original jurisdiction in certain cases, Authorized writs of mandamus

Judiciary Act of 1789

__ Established Judical review giving the Supreme Court the power to strike down laws and execute axtions that violate the constitution

Marbury v. Madison

__ is a single decisive question or issue used to evaluate potential nominees

Litmus Test

Hamilton describes judiciary as the least dangerous branch in __

Federalist #78

__ is the philosophy where judges are willing to interpret the COnstitution and laws in ways that actively shape policy and expand rights ot address socieal issues

Judicial activism

__ is the philosophy where judges defer to the legislative and executive branches, interpreting the Constitution and laws narrowly and avoiding unnecessary intervenes

Judical Restraint

A Construction is a literal, narrow interpretation of the Constitution While a Construction is a Broader, more flexible interpretation of the constitution

Strict, Loose

Controled by Federal reserve means __

Monetary Policy

Fiscal policy is created by

Congress

If unemployment is high, the Federal reserve will __ interest rates

lower

__ economics urge large tax cuts by the government

Supply side

Guarantees freedoms that the government cannot take away by law or judicial interpretation are __

Civil Liberties

Polices that extend basic rights to groups historically subject to discriminatory practices are __

Civil Rights

Rights of the accused: due process, protection against double jeopardy, protection against self incrimination are protected by __ Amendment

5th

People have rights that aren't specifically listen in the Constitution are protected by __ Amendment

9th

Powers given to the federal government are reserved to the states or the people are protected by __ Amendment

10th

The __ Clause Prohibits states and local governments form depriving anyone of life liberty or pro[erty without due process of the laws

Due Process

The __ Clause Requires states to provide equal protection under the law to all people

Equal Protection

Through __, the Supreme Court has gradually applied most of the protections in the bill of rights to the states using the 14th amendment due process clause

Selective incorporation

__ Amendment Garunteed the right to vote for African Americans

15th

Voluntary Nondenominal prayer in schools was determined by __ to be a violation of the establishment clause

Engel v. Vitale

__ ruled that amish religous belief outweighted the states interest in madatory education through age 16

Wisconson v. Yoder

Slander, obscenity, and libel are __ a protected form of speech

NOT

__ Ruling stated that speech can be limited during wartime if it present CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER to national security

Schenck v. U.S.

__ ruled agianst prior restraint in the case of the pentagon papers, which allowed them to be published

NYT v US

__ says that the second amendment applies to the states through due process of the 14th amendment

McDonald v. Chicago

In __, Court ruled before police interrogate someone in custody they must inform them of their rights

Miranda v. Arizona

Evidence obtained illegally without a warrent or probable cause cannot be used in court due to __

Exclusionary Rule

__ says that the states must prove an attorney to defendents in serious criminal cases

Gideon v. Wainwright