Exam 1 Review - Human Anatomy

Ch. 1-3

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the body and its parts.

Gross Anatomy

The study of the structures of the body visible to the naked eye.

Microscopic Anatomy

The study of the structures of the body at the microscopic level, typically using a microscope.

Physiology

The study of the functions of the body's structures and how they work together.

Medical Terminology

The specialized language used to describe diseases, conditions, and procedures in healthcare.

Biological Hierarchy of Organization

The organization of life from cells to organisms, including levels like tissues, organs, organ systems, and complete organisms.

Chemical Level of Organization

The level of organization concerning the chemical substances and interactions that make up cells.

Organ Systems

Groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions for the body.

Anatomical Position

A standard position of the body used as a reference for describing locations and relations of body parts.

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Four sections of the abdominopelvic area used to locate organ positions.

Abdominopelvic Regions

Nine specific areas of the abdomen used to make observations about organs.

Anatomical Directional Terms

Terms that describe the locations or positions of body parts in relation to each other.

Chemical Bonds

The connections between atoms that hold molecules together, including ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds.

Ionic Bond

A type of chemical bond formed through the electrical attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Covalent Bond

A type of chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

Kinetic Energy

Energy that is in motion.

Potential Energy

Stored energy based on position or structure.

Decomposition Reaction

A chemical reaction in which a compound breaks down into simpler compounds or elements.

Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction involving water, in which a molecule is split into smaller units.

Anabolism

The constructive phase of metabolism, where simple substances are synthesized into complex molecules.

pH Scale

A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution, on a scale from 0 to 14.

Buffer

A substance that helps maintain a stable pH in a solution.

Monosaccharide

The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of a single sugar molecule.

Polysaccharide

A carbohydrate composed of a large number of monosaccharides bonded together.

Lipid

A group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water, including fats and oils.

Amino Acid

The building blocks of proteins, consisting of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique side chain.

Peptide Bond

The chemical bond that links amino acids together to form a protein.

Enzyme

A biological catalyst that accelerates a chemical reaction.

Nucleotide

The building blocks of nucleic acids, consisting of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information.

RNA

Ribonucleic acid, a molecule that plays roles in protein synthesis and gene expression.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy currency of the cell.

Mitosis

A type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.

Meiosis

A type of cell division that produces gametes with half the chromosome number of the original cell.

Endocytosis

The process by which cells internalize substances from their external environment.

Exocytosis

The process by which cells expel materials to the outside environment.

Cell Junctions

Connections between cells that facilitate communication and adhesion.

Gap Junctions

Intercellular channels that allow the exchange of small molecules and ions between adjacent cells.

Tight Junctions

Connections between cells that prevent the passage of molecules and ions through the space between cells.

Desmosomes

Structural cell junctions that provide strong adhesion between cells, particularly in tissues that experience stress.