Exam 1 Review - Human Anatomy

Chapter 1:

Overview

1.      What is anatomy?

2.      What is gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy?

a.      What are some examples of each?

3.      What is physiology?

4.      What are some specialties in physiology?

5.      What is medical terminology?

a.      What two languages are the primary origins of medical terminology?

6.      What is the biological hierarchy of organization from cell to organism?

a.      What is the chemical level of organization?

Organ systems

7.      What are the body’s organ systems?

a.      What are the major organs of each system?

b.      What are the major functions of each organ system?

Anatomical landmarks

8.      What is the anatomical position?

9.      What are the anatomical terms for body’s major landmarks?

10.   What are the abdominopelvic quadrants?

a.      Which internal organs are found in each?

11.   What are the abdominopelvic regions?

a.      Which internal organs are found in each?

12.   What are the anatomical directional terms?

a.      Which two terms are preferentially used only with the arms and legs?

13.   What are the three planes of section?

a.      Which organs are cut/not cut by these planes?

Body cavities

14.   What are the two major body cavities?

15.   What are the two major divisions of the ventral body cavity and what separates them?

a.      What are the divisions of the thoracic cavity?

b.      What are the divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity?

16.   Which organs are found in the various body cavities?

17.   What are parietal and visceral membranes?

Homeostasis

18.   What is homeostasis?

19.   What are the two general mechanisms of homeostasis?

20.   What are the two feedback mechanisms of homeostasis?

Chapter 2:

Atoms

1.     What are the smallest units of matter?

2.     What are protons, neutrons, and electrons, and where is each found within the atom?

3.     What is the difference between the atomic number and the atomic mass?

4.     What is an isotope?

5.     What is a mole?

Chemical bonds

6.     What is molecular weight?

7.     What is an ion?

8.     What is an ionic bond?

9.     What is a covalent bond?

a.     What is the difference between a single and double covalent bond?

b.     What is the difference between polar and non-polar covalent bonds?

10.  Which electrons are involved in chemical bonding?

11.  What is a hydrogen bond?

a.     Are hydrogen bonds weak or strong bonds?

b.     Give some examples of important molecules that contain hydrogen bonds.

Chemical reactions

12.  In a chemical reaction, what is the difference between a substrate (reactant) and a product?

13.  What is metabolism?

14.  What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy?

15.  What is a decomposition reaction?

16.  What is hydrolysis and how is it related to decomposition reactions?

17.  What is catabolism?

18.  What is a synthesis reaction?

19.  What is dehydration synthesis and how is it related to synthesis reactions?

20.  What is anabolism?

21.  What is an exchange reaction?

22.  What is a reversible reaction?

23.  What is equilibrium?

24.  What is activation energy?

25.  What is an enzyme, and how are enzymes involved in chemical reactions?

26.  What is the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions?

Water

27.  What are some important properties of water that are important to the human body, and how is each significant?

28.  Is a water molecule polar or non-polar?

29.  What is dissociation or ionization?

30.  What is the difference between a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic molecule? What are some examples of each?

pH

31.  What ion concentration does pH measure?

32.  What is the pH of pure water?

a.     Why is pure water considered pH neutral?

b.     Which two ions are in equal concentrations in pure water?

33.  What is an acidic solution? (Which ions are in greater concentrations, which are lesser?)

34.  What is a basic/alkaline solution? (Which ions are in greater concentrations, which are lesser?)

35.  What is the difference in concentrations of ions at adjacent numbers on the pH scale? (for example, pH of 3 compared to pH of 4)

a.     How do you determine the difference in ion concentrations between non-adjacent numbers on the scale? (for example, between pH 9 and pH 12)

36.  What is a buffer?

a.     Why are buffers important in the human body?

b.     What is the simplest description of how a buffer works?

Organic Macromolecules

37.  What are the four types of macromolecules in the body?

38.  What is a monomer?

39.  What is a polymer?

a.     How are polymers made?

b.     How are polymers broken down?

40.  What are functional groups?

41.  What is the molecular formula and important properties for each of the following functional groups: carboxyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl, amino, phosphate, sulfhydryl, and methyl?

Carbohydrates

42.  What elements are found in carbohydrates, and in what ratio are those elements present?

43.  What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

44.  What is a monosaccharide?

a.     Which monosaccharide is the most important “fuel” in the body?

                                               i.          What is the chemical formula for this monosaccharide?

                                              ii.          What other monosaccharides have the same molecular formula as glucose?

45.  What is an isomer?

46.  What is a disaccharide?

a.     How are disaccharides formed?

b.     What are three disaccharide isomers?

47.  What is a polysaccharide?

a.     What are some differences between starches and glycogen?

Lipids

48.  What elements are found in lipids, and how are the proportions of the elements in lipids different from the proportions of the elements in carbohydrates?

49.  What are five classes of lipids?

50.  What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid?

51.  What are prostaglandins?

52.  What are the component parts of triglycerides?

a.     What are some important functions of triglycerides?

53.  What is a steroid?

a.     What is the structure of a steroid?

b.     What are some important functions of steroids?

c.      What are some examples of steroids?

54.  What is a phospholipid?

a.     Where in the body would you find phospholipids?

Proteins

55.  What are some important functions of proteins?

56.  What are amino acids?

a.     How many different amino acids are there?

b.     What functional groups are found on all amino acids?

c.      What makes each type of amino acid unique?

57.  What is a peptide bond?

a.     What type of chemical bond is a peptide bond?

b.     How do peptide bonds form?

58.  What is a polypeptide?

59.  What are the different levels of structural complexity in a protein?

a.     What type of bonds holds together each level of structure?

b.     What are some specific examples of proteins with a quaternary structure?

60.  How is the shape of the protein related to its function?

61.  What is denaturation, and how does it affect protein structure?

62.  What is an enzyme?

a.     What is the active site?

b.     What is enzyme specificity?

c.      What is enzyme regulation?

Nucleic Acids

63.  What are the functions of nucleic acids?

64.  What are nucleotides?

65.  What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

66.  What are the five nitrogenous bases that occur in nucleic acids?

67.  How are nucleic acids formed?

68.  What forms the “backbone” of a nucleic acid?

69.  What are some important differences between DNA and RNA?

70.  How do the nitrogenous bases pair with each other in DNA and RNA, and why is this important?

71.  What is ATP?

a.     What is the structure of an ATP molecule?

b.     What if the function of ATP?

c.      Where is the energy stored in ATP?

Chapter 3:

Cells

1.     What is the smallest living unit in the body?

2.     What is the difference between a sex (reproductive) cell and a somatic cell?

3.     What are the functions of the plasma membrane of cells?

4.     What type of molecule forms the basic structure of the plasma membrane?

5.     What is the role of cholesterol in plasma membranes?

6.     What are the various types of proteins found in the plasma membrane and what are their functions?

7.     What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

a.     What are the functions of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules?

8.     What are microvilli, and what are their functions?

9.     What are cilia, and what are their functions?

10.  What are ribosomes, and what are their functions?

11.  Which organelles are considered membranous organelles?

12.  What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

a.     What does rough ER make?

b.     What does smooth ER make?

13.  What is the Golgi apparatus, and what are its functions?

14.  What are lysosomes, and what are their functions?

15.  What are mitochondria, and what is their function?

a.     What specific processes take place in the mitochondria?

b.     Where does glycolysis take place?

c.      Which of these processes will continue without oxygen?

d.     What happens if oxygen is insufficient?

e.     Which process produces the most ATP?

16.  What is the nucleus, and what does it contain?

a.     What is chromatin?

b.     What are chromosomes?

17.  What is resting trans-membrane potential of cell?

Protein synthesis

18.  What is a gene?

a.     What is a triplet code?

19.  What is transcription?

a.     Where does transcription take place?

b.     What is the sequence of events in transcription?

c.      What is made during transcription?

20.  How is an mRNA modified before it leaves the nucleus?

21.  What is translation?

a.     Where does translation take place?

b.     What is the sequence of events in translation?

c.      What is an anticodon?

d.     What is made during translation?

e.     What are the different types of RNA involved in translation?

Passive transport

22.  What is a selectively permeable membrane?

23.  What is diffusion?

24.  What is a concentration gradient?

25.  What are several important factors that affect the rate of diffusion?

26.  What types of substances can enter a cell by simple diffusion?

27.  What is facilitated diffusion?

28.  What types of substances can enter a cell by facilitated diffusion?

29.  What is osmosis?

30.  What is osmotic pressure?

31.  What do the words isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic mean?

a.     What does osmolarity mean?

                                               i.          If given the molarity of a solution, how do you determine the osmolarity of the solution?

b.     Which direction will water move when a hypertonic and a hypotonic solution are separated by a selectively permeable membrane?

                                               i.          Which of these solutions has the higher osmotic pressure?

c.      What happens if you place a body cell in each type of solution?

                                               i.          What do lyse and crenate mean?

d.     Why is it important that fluids administered in the emergency room to combat severe dehydration or blood loss are isotonic to body cells?

32.  What is hydrostatic pressure?

a.     What is an example of how hydrostatic pressure is generated in the body?

b.     How is hydrostatic pressure related to osmotic pressure?

Active transport

33.   What molecule must be hydrolyzed for many active processes to occur?

34.   What is pump transport? Give an example.

35.   What is endocytosis?

a.      What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

b.      What is pinocytosis?

c.      What is phagocytosis?

d.      What types of substances will enter a cell using each type of endocytosis?

36.   What is exocytosis?

a.      What types of substances will exit a cell using exocytosis?

Mitosis and Meiosis

37.   Does mitosis occur in sex cells or somatic cells?

38.   Mitosis results in how many daughter cells?

a.      How are the daughter cells similar to or different from the parent cell?

39.   What are the different stages of interphase, and what significant events occur during each stage?

40.   Which stage of interphase is the longest and most variable?

41.   What are the different stages of mitosis, and what significant events occur during each stage?

42.   What is replication?

a.      During which specific phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

b.      What are some of the major enzymes involved in DNA replication, and what is the role of each?

c.      What is the difference between the leading strand and the lagging strand?

43.   Does meiosis occur in sex cells or somatic cells?

44.   Meiosis results in how many daughter cells?

a.      How are the daughter cells produced by meiosis similar to or different from the parent cell?

45.   What are the different stages of meiosis, and what significant events occur during each stage?

a.      What are the key events that take place during meiosis that contribute to variation of the species?

b.      In what stage of meiosis do these events occur?

46.   What is cellular differentiation?

47.   What is apoptosis?

Cell junctions (this information is found in Chapter 4, but will be included on Exam 1)

48.   What are gap junctions?

a.      What are the functions of gap junctions?

b.      What are some specific places where gap junctions could be found?

49.   What are tight junctions?

a.      What are the functions of tight junctions?

b.      What are some specific places where tight junctions could be found?

50.   What are desmosomes?

a.      What are the functions of desmosomes?

b.      What are some specific places where desmosomes could be found?