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Gunpowder Empires
Large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories.
Suleiman the Magnificent
Ruler of the Ottoman Empire at its height, known for military conquests and architectural achievements.
Centralize Power
The process where monarchs control taxes, the army, and aspects of religion to strengthen their rule.
Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)
The first tsar of Russia who expanded the Russian Empire eastward, utilizing gunpowder weapons.
Cossacks
Fierce peasant warriors hired by Russian landowners to fight local tribes and khans during the expansion into Siberia.
Ming Dynasty
Chinese dynasty that overthrew the Mongols and stabilized the region for nearly 300 years.
Qing Dynasty
The last imperial dynasty of China, established by the Manchu and ruling from 1644 to 1911.
Shah Abbas I
Also known as Abbas the Great, he led the Safavid Empire at its height and modernized its military.
Akbar
Mughal emperor known for his successful central government and for fostering religious tolerance.
Decline of the Gunpowder Empires
The weakening of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires due to the rise of Western Europe and failure to modernize.
Battle of Lepanto
A naval conflict in 1571 where a European force defeated the Ottomans, marking a turning point in their dominance.
Castes
Strict social groupings in India based on birth that determine one’s occupation and social status.
Tamerlane
A Mongol-Turkic ruler whose invasions in Central Asia and the Middle East set the stage for the rise of Turkic empires.
Harem Politics
The intricate power struggles among a sultan’s wives and concubines to promote their children as heirs.
White Lotus Rebellion
A peasant uprising against Qing rule in response to high taxes and dissatisfaction in the late 18th century.
Safavid Empire
An Islamic dynasty in Persia that arose in the 1500s known for its land-based military might and Shia Islam.
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