hbs final 1-4 pages

Right Atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava.

Right Ventricle

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery.

Left Atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins.

Left Ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body via the aorta.

Tricuspid Valve

Located between the right atrium and right ventricle, controlling blood flow between these chambers.

Pulmonary Valve

Located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, ensuring unidirectional blood flow.

Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve

Located between the left atrium and left ventricle, regulating blood flow.

Aortic Valve

Located between the left ventricle and the aorta, preventing backflow.

Arteries

Carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body.

Veins

Return deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Capillaries

Tiny vessels that connect arteries and veins, facilitating the exchange of nutrients and waste with tissues.

Systolic Pressure

The maximum pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts and pumps blood into the aorta.

Diastolic Pressure

The pressure in the arteries when the heart is relaxed and filling with blood.

Cardiac Output (CO)

The total amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute, calculated by the formula CO = SV x HR.

Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)

A simple test that compares the blood pressure in the upper and lower limbs.

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

A condition where arteries that carry blood to the legs and feet become narrowed or blocked, reducing blood flow.

SA Node

The heart's natural pacemaker.

AV Node

Acts as a gatekeeper between the atria and ventricles.

Bundle of His

Carries electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles of the heart.

Purkinje Fibers

Specialized fibers that help to coordinate a coordinated contraction of the heart's pumping chambers.

P Wave

Represents depolarization of the atria.

QRS Complex

Denotes the depolarization of the ventricles.

T Wave

Represents repolarization of the ventricles.

Tidal Volume

The amount of air that is inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation.

Expiratory Reserve Volume

The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation.

Vital Capacity

The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after maximum inhalation.

Residual Volume

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after expiration.

Total Lung Capacity

The total volume of air the lungs can hold.

Epidermis

The outermost layer of skin that provides a waterproof barrier.

Dermis

The layer of skin beneath the epidermis that supports and senses.

Subcutaneous Fatty Tissue (Hypodermis)

The layer of fat that cushions and insulates the body.

Antigen

A substance that triggers an immune response.

Antibody

A Y-shaped protein that helps the immune system fight harmful antigens.