hbs final 1-4 pages

• Draw and label a diagram of blood flow through the heart.

• Identify each heart structure along with its function and where it is located.
  Chambers:

Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava. 

Right Ventricle: Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. 

Left Atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins. 

Left Ventricle: Pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body via the aorta. 

Valves:

Tricuspid Valve: Located between the right atrium and right ventricle, controlling blood flow between these chambers. 

Pulmonary Valve: Located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, ensuring unidirectional blood flow. 

Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve: Located between the left atrium and left ventricle, regulating blood flow. 

Aortic Valve: Located between the left ventricle and the aorta, preventing backflow. 

• Review the structure and functions of arteries, veins, and capillaries.
  Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body, veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart, and capillaries are tiny vessels that connect arteries and veins, facilitating the exchange of nutrients and waste with tissues

• What is systolic pressure, and what is happening in the heart during systole?

Systolic pressure is the maximum pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts and pumps blood into the aorta. During systole, the heart's ventricles contract, forcing blood out of the ventricles and into the aorta and pulmonary artery.

• What is diastolic pressure, and what is happening in the heart during diastole?
  the second, lower number in a blood pressure reading, representing the pressure in the arteries when the heart is relaxed and filling with blood. During diastole, the heart's ventricles relax, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles, preparing for the next contraction. 

• What is cardiac output, and how is it calculated?
  The total amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR) (beats per minute) by the stroke volume (SV) (volume of blood pumped out with each beat). The formula is CO = SV x HR. 

• If a patient has a heart rate of 185 bpm and an average stroke volume, what is their cardiac output?

CO=HR X SV

CO=185bpm * 70mL/beat 

CO=12950 mL/min

CO= 12.95L/min

• What does ABI (Ankle-Brachial Index) stand for, and how is it calculated?
  a simple test that compares the blood pressure in the upper and lower limbs, / dividing the systolic blood pressure at the ankle by the systolic blood pressure in the arm

• What is peripheral artery disease, and what are its symptoms?
  a plumbing issue in your legs. It happens when the arteries that carry blood to your legs and feet become narrowed or blocked, reducing blood flow. Symptoms can include pain, cramping, and numbness in the legs and feet, especially during walking or exercise

• What commonly causes peripheral artery disease?
  Smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol are major risk factors that contribute to atherosclerosis and PAD

•  Review the conduction system of the heart:
  
  

  • SA node
    The heart's natural pacemaker

  • AV node
    a crucial part of the heart's electrical conduction system, acting as a gatekeeper between the atria and ventricles

  • Bundle of His
    carries electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles of the heart

  • Purkinje fiber
    The heart's specialized "speed bumps" for electrical signals help to coordinate a coordinated contraction of the heart's pumping chambers (ventricles)

•  Identify and explain the significance of the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave on an EKG.

The P represents depolarization of the atria, the QRS complex denotes the depolarization of the ventricles and finally, the T wave represents repolarization of the ventricles

• Review the structure, function, and location of the respiratory system structures:

  • Nasal cavity

  • Pharynx 

  • Epiglottis

  • Larynx

  • Trachea

  • Bronchi

  • Lungs 

  • Bronchiole

  • Alveoli

• Understand the definitions below and be able to calculate the respiratory volumes. Review the spirometry graph.

  • Tidal volume

  • Inspiratory reserve volume 

  • Expiratory reserve volume 

  • Vital capacity 

  • Residual volume

  • Total lung capacity

Unit 3.2 BodyGuards (Immune and Lymphatic System)

• What are the different layers of the integumentary system?

• How do the layers of the integumentary system work together to provide a protective barrier?

The integumentary system acts like a multi-layered shield. The outer epidermis provides a waterproof barrier, the dermis supports and senses, and the hypodermis cushions and insulates.

• What is an antigen?

A substance that triggers an immune response

• What is an antibody?

A Y-shaped protein that helps the immune system fight harmful antigens

• Identify the major structures in skin:

  • Epidermis

  • Dermis

  • Subcutaneous fatty tissue (hypodermis)