Period One Quiz Study Guide

The Columbian Exchange

maize, horses, etc

Maize helped natives __________ instead of being ___________

settle down, nomadic

Maize allowed for:

larger and more dense populations

True or false: the discovery of maize led to less socially diversified societies.

false

What did the discovery of maize prompt in Native American societies?

Economic growth and development and development of irrigation systems

Who grew maize?

Mayans and Aztecs

East of the Mississippi River, the __________ prospered with a __________.

Woodland American Indians, rich food supply

What was the effect of some farming techniques in northeast settlements?

The soil was exhausted and people had to move to fresh land

What did the people on tropical islands grow?

Sugar

What did the people in forests raise?

Animals

What did the people with fertile soil grow?

Maize

What did people in dry regions create?

Irrigation systems

How did people in forested regions clear land?

They used fire

What did the men do in Native American culture?

Made tools and hunted for game

What did the women do in Native American culture?

Gathered plants and nuts or grew crops such as corn, beans, and tobacco

Which tribe had a matriarchal society?

Iroquois

Did European women or Native American women have more power?

Native American women

Where did the Natchez Indians live?

southwestern Mississippi

What did the Natchez Indians grow?

corn, beans, and squash

The Natchez Indians __________ in addition to farming.

hunted, fished, and gathered wild plant foods

Who was the leader of the Natchez Indians and what was their role?

The Great Sun, ceremonial leader

How was group membership for the Natchez Indians determined?

By heredity through the female line

Moundbuilding was an expression of the __________ with mounds serving as bases for __________

complex tribal religion, sacred buildings

Tenochtitlan was:

the capital of the Aztecs

Where is Tenochtitlan located?

Present day Mexico City

How many warriors did Tenochtitlan have?

100,000

What were the activities in Tenochtitlan?

human sacrifice, zoos, Aztec ball game

What classes were in Aztec society?

Royalty, nobility, warriors, commoners, slaves

Who did the Aztec nobility include?

Military leaders, priests, lords, land owners, judges

Who did the Aztec commoners include?

Farmers, artisans, merchants

What did the natives introduce to the Europeans during the Columbian Exchange?

Maize, potatoes, tobacco

What did the Europeans introduce to the natives during the Columbian Exchange?

Horses, cattle, smallpox

Smallpox killed over _________ percent of the natives.

90

When he arrived in the Americas, Columbus thought he was in:

India

Columbus arrived in the Americas while looking for:

a short passage to India

What did Columbus want in India?

silks, spices, and gold

What are the 3 G's?

Gold, God, Glory

Cortes meets __________, king of the Aztecs in _________

Moctezuma, Tenochtitlan

Believing Cortes may be ___________, Moctezuma invites Cortes into Tenochtitlan

Quetzalcoatl

What does Cortes do when his men want to go home?

He burns the sails

Why did the people of Tenochtitlan lose to Cortes's men?

They were all sick with smallpox

Does Moctezuma die during the battle?

Yes

In the Spanish colonies, what were the people of European heritage called?

Peninsulares

Who were the Creoles?

descendants of Europeans born in Latin America

What is mixed Native American and European called?

Mestizo

Who were the Mulattos?

Mixed European and African

Who was at the top of the social pyramid in Spanish colonies?

Pure-blooded Spaniards

Who was in the middle of the social pyramid in Spanish colonies?

Several levels of people ordered according to their mixture of European, Native American, and African heritage

Who was at the bottom of the social pyramid in Spanish colonies?

People of pure Indian or Black heritage

What did the Iroquois do for food?

Hunting and gathering and slash and burn agriculture

What were the Three Sisters?

corn, beans, squash

What were the Iroquoian homes?

10-30 meter-long 'longhouses' made of wood and covered with bark that each housed three to five families

Why were the Iroquoians able to farm more than the Algonquians?

The climate was more mild

Where was Native American warfare most intense?

Along the Missouri River in the present-day Dakotas

Ancestors of the ___________ were at war with each other.

Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras

Towns inhabited by as many as 1,000 people were often fortified with:

ditch and palisade defenses

In the east, from the Atlantic coast to the Great Lakes area, __________ and __________ peoples mingled and divided the available resources

Algonquian, Iroquoian

Why were conflicts among Native Americans waged?

economic and political goals, such as gaining access to resources or territory, exacting tribute from another nation or controlling trade routes

What did Cartier do?

Explored the St. Lawrence River and named Canada

What did Cartier go on his voyages for?

To find a northwest passage to Asia, as well as to collect riches such as gold and spices along the way

Did Bartholomew de las Casas agree with most Europeans about Native Americans?

No

Bartholomew de las Casas persuaded ___________ to institute __________.

the king; the New Laws of 1542

What did the New Laws of 1542 do?

Ended Indian slavery, halted forced Indian labor, and began to end the encomienda system that kept the Indians in serfdom