Rights and Protest: US Civil Rights Movement - Nature of Discrimination

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12 Terms

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Two main aspects of discrimination

  1. Segregation = separation
  2. Disenfranchisement
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Concept of “Separate but Equal”

  • White facilities are higher quality than black facilities -→ supposedly equal in their separation
  • Treating African Americans as inferior, second class citizens
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Disenfranchisement in Everything

  • You can do things but just not engage with them as much (ok)

  • In Jim Crow US, the idea of being able to ‘access everything’ is white-centric

    • Only the white people have freedom and full accessibility
    • Basically legally enforced discrimination against African Americans
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What was segregated during pre-Brown vs. Board?

  • Attendance of public schools 
  • Use of facilities → restaurants, theatres, hotels, cinemas, public baths etc.
  • Use of public transport 
  • Banning of interracial marriages between whites and African Americans
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Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)

  • Made Jim Crow Laws constitutional -→ operations varied from state to state
  • Introduced the concept of separate but equal -→ was super easy to get around with black schools < white schools
  • Was in effect for a long time, so hard to reverse
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Inequality of Funding in Schools

  • x2-5 more per pupil spending in white schools
  • Black school teachers paid less
  • Worse facilities
  • Shorter school year
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Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka

  • Combination of multiple cases about school segregation
  • Defence case said that “school segregation prepares them for the real world”
  • Decided that segregation was detrimental to coloured children and gave them less learning motivation
  • Desegregation was considered to be more cost-inhibitive and more practical than maintaining separate facilities
  • Ordered desegregation but no time limit
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Problems and Challenges of Brown vs. Board

  • In some states, burden of desegregation was on individual students
  • eg. in Florida, need to make individual formal request to school board and give sufficient advance notice
  • Eisenhower: “no exact commencement or completion date should be required” -→ he had to use federal power to force states to comply
  • Only a partial victory
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Blossom Plan

  • Created by the Little Rock school board to prevent Little Rock Nine from attending
  • Gradualist
  • School superintendent chooses which black students get to go
  • Complying with Brown on a minimal level
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NAACP Response to the Blossom Plan

  • Not fast enough, want to push for immediate integration
  • Federal court rules Blossom Plan meets requirements
  • Central High (the school in question) was already mostly white -→ rich affluent area
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Opposition to Little Rock Nine

  • Little Rock school board
  • Governor Orval Faubus -→ may have manufactured the crisis at Little Rock, used national guard to keep them out from the school
  • Capital Citizens Council: white adults who did rallies and speeches
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Little Rock Nine Case Study

  • 9 students allowed to attend Central High
  • Segregationists requested help from Faubus by citing there was violence
  • National Guard brought in -→ demonstration of state vs. federal authorioty, Eisenhower couldn’t directly interfere
  • Little Rock Mayor asked Eisenhower to send troops in -→ 101st Airborne Division enforce integration and escort the 9 students to school