BSC1010L Final Vocab

Fermentation

C6H1206 (glucose) → 2C2H50OH (ethanol) + 2CO2 + <e> (energy)

Chromosome

helix of DNA condensed for easy mitosis or melosis

RNA

single stranded DNA

Nucleotide

3 parts, base, ribose sugar, phosphate bond

Metaphase

chromosomes line up on equator of cell

Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6 → H2O + O2 + <E>

Aerobic Respiration

see respiration

Genome

nuclear DNA per individual deoxyribose nucleic acid

Gene

area of DNA that codes for a trait/protein

Prophase

You can see genetic material, chromosomes form, nuclear envelope dissolves

Enzyme

biological catalyst

Anaerobic Respiration

Incomplete respiration that yields lactic acid or ethanol, not CO2 and water.

Base

A, T, C, G

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

Cell Cycle

G1, S, G2, Mitosis

Anaphase

Spindle fibers shorten, separating. chromosomes at the centromere, pulling them to separate poles

Telophase

Chromosomes are at poles, nuclear envelope starts to form, cytokinesis begins

Heterozygous

Genes that are different

Phenotype

How genes express what they look like

Alleles

Alternate term for genes

Allele

Alternative word for gene

Cytokinesis

Cells is cleaved into 2 separate daughter cells

Homozygous

Genes that are the same

Genotype

The expression of genes on a minute scale what they are

Proteins

Combination of amino acids what DNA codes for

PMAT

Prophase chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope disappears. Metaphase chromosomes line up on the equator. Anaphase spindle fibers shorten, separating chromosomes at the centromere pulling them to separate poles. Telophase separate nuclear envelope

Chromatin

Nuclear material beginning to condense into chromosomes

Dominant

Gene that will express in heterozygous form

Incomplete dominance

Usually involves partial expression or mixing of heterozygous genes

Monohybrid

Looking at the possibility of one gene expression from 2 parents

A, T, C, G, U

Nitrogenous bases of DNA/RNA

Cytokinesis

separation of daughter cells after mItosis

Recessive

Gene that does not express in heterozygous form

Double Helix

Twisted ladder structure of the DNA molecule

Locus

A specific spot on the DNA molecule

Mitochondria

Site of ATP synthesis for cellular respiration

Nucleotide

full complement of DNA structural units; phosphate bond - ribose sugar (backbone) - nucleic acid

Xanthophyll

brown pigments used in photosynthesis

Sickle cell

Novel mutation selected for in equatorial Africa providing some immunity to malaria

Pectinase

Enzyme used to dissolve pectin in fruit and release more juice from the cell

Crossing-over

“Leggy” chromosomes share genetic information making hybrid chromosomes

Sister Chromatids

Copies of chromosomes attached at centromere

Carrier

Mutated gene that only expresses in homozygous conditions if you have one gene you are a carrier but its not expressed

Cytokinesis

Seperation of daughter cells after mitosis

DNA

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

Independent Assortment

Chromosomes all go into separate gametes during meiosis

Locus

A spot or nucleotide on a chromosomes

Centromere

Area where sister chromatids are attached

TLC

Thin layer chromatography our photosynthesis lab

Incomplete Dominance

Genetic condition that heterozygous condition results in mixed expression like red and white snapdragons result on pink

Emporase or Renin

Enzyme we used in making cheese

Family Pedigree

Chart that tracks the movement of genes through generations

Proteins

Expression of genes assembling amino acid by using DNA template

Codominance

Condition in heterozygous conditions result in both genes expressing e.g. blood type in humans AB

Interphase

Phase of cell cycle except mitosis

Amino Acid

Expression of group of 3 nucleic acids (codon) 20 of them building blocks of proteins

Homologues

pairs of chromosomes that come from different parents. These will never be connected by centromeres

Tetrad

Groups of 4 chromosomes consisting of one from each parent (2) that have replicated after S phase (4)

Incomplete Dominance

Genetic condition that heterozygous condition result in mixed expression like red and white snapdragons result on pink

Dihybrid Cross

Punnet square with 16 squares looking at statistical probability of 2 different genes from 2 different parents

Protease

Enzyme that encourages DNA replication in PCR (Polymerase chain reaction)

ACGT

ACGT

TGCA