Term 3 History Exam

What is a primary source? Provide an example.

A primary source is either a testimony or an object directly from the period of study, such as an interview with a soldier directly from World War II.

What is a secondary source? Provide an example.

A secondary source is testimony from a non-eyewitness or a work/study done on the period, such as biographies or textbooks.

Name one of Leonardo da Vinci’s works and its meaning.

Mona Lisa. He painted it for money and to show that Mona Lisa's right hand is over the left to depict her goodness and purity.

Name one of Michelangelo’s works and its meaning.

David is depicted in a neoclassical style, showing a 'perfect body' for comparison, even if it does not represent his genuine appearance.

What is Parliament?

An assembly of representatives/lords that rule with the king or queen of England; it is the law-making body of England.

What religion did Oliver Cromwell follow?

Puritanism.

What was the primary reason absolute monarchs sought to expand their territories?

To increase their territories, power, wealth, and safety.

Name the two political parties that fought in the English Civil War.

Cavaliers and Roundheads.

What is divine right?

The god-given right to rule, rather than being granted authority by the people.

How did Spanish power grow under Charles V and Philip II?

Charles V became Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain by inheritance, and Philip II inherited this power from him.

How did France build a centralized monarchy after the wars of religion?

Louis XIV built a centralized monarchy by the Edict of Nantes, providing him absolute power in return for religious liberty for the Huguenots.

What were the causes and results of the Thirty Years War?

It was a war between Catholics and Protestants. The Treaty of Westphalia increased French power and allowed for religious freedom, while Germany was fragmented into 360 kingdoms.

What were some of the goals shared by Prussia and Austria?

To build a strong state, extend territory, and work together.

How did Peter the Great and Catherine the Great modernize Russian power?

They used western concepts of government and technology to strengthen Russia.

Describe the concept of absolute monarchy.

A government ruled by a single monarch with complete centralized authority, where laws cannot be made without the king's consent.

How did Oliver Cromwell's use of power seem at least as oppressive as an absolute monarch?

He closed taverns and theaters and mandated worship for the English people.

Who was the author of The Leviathan?

Thomas Hobbes.

What were the concepts of Hobbes' work, The Leviathan?

Hobbes believed that people are inherently cruel, greedy, and selfish, necessitating an absolute monarch to maintain order.

What are Locke’s three principles for mankind?

Life, liberty, and property.

Provide an example of censorship.

The suppression or prohibition of parts of books, films, or news that are considered obscene or a threat.

What was Voltaire known for?

He was known for advocating for freedom of speech and freedom of religion.

How did Montesquieu influence both the English and American governments?

He divided government into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial.

How did Mary Wollstonecraft pursue equal rights for women?

By writing 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman,' advocating for equal education and decision-making rights for women.

What were the Intolerable Acts?

A series of acts passed by the British Parliament affecting everyday goods in the American colonies.

What change did Jefferson make to Locke’s principles in the Declaration of Independence?

He changed 'property' to 'the pursuit of happiness'.

How did the Articles of Confederation lead to the US Constitution?

The Articles created a weak central government; the Constitutional Convention established a strong government with the authority to raise taxes and maintain separation of powers.

How are different branches of government checked and balanced under the Constitution?

Through a system of checks and balances that ensures no branch has more power than the others.

What is popular sovereignty?

The power of the government comes from the consent of the people.

What were the three phases of the French Revolution?

The moderate stage, the radical stage, and the stage of Napoleon.

Describe each of the Estates General.

1st estate: Clergy; 2nd estate: Nobility; 3rd estate: Commoners and everyone else.

Which Estate included the bourgeoisie?

The 3rd estate.

Who was Robespierre?

He became the head of the Committee of Public Safety and was a leader of the Jacobin party.

What were reactionaries?

Friends and defenders of the King.

What signified the climax of the Moderate Phase of the French Revolution?

The storming of the Bastille.

Why did most of Europe declare war on France during the French Revolution?

Due to fear of revolutionary ideas spreading.

What was the Napoleonic Code and what reforms did it make?

It influenced civil law codes worldwide, replaced fragmented laws, recognized civil liberty, equality before the law, and reinstated the church.

How did the Russians place the French in a difficult position during the invasion of Russia?

The Russians forced the French to retreat into harsh conditions, causing starvation and frostbite, while burning their land.

What eventually caused the downfall of Napoleon?

His invasion of Russia led to significant losses and his eventual capture.

What was Waterloo?

The last battle that marked Napoleon's defeat by the combined allies of Europe.

What was the Congress of Vienna?

An assembly of European leaders that met to restore order in Europe after the Napoleonic era.

What were land enclosures?

Land partitioned by lords for agricultural profit, preventing common people from access unless allowed by the lords.

Which natural resources were the most important in industrialization?

Coal and iron.

What were the positives and negatives of the Industrial Revolution?

Positives: new opportunities, economic growth. Negatives: child labor, poor working conditions.

What is Nationalism?

Strong feelings of pride and loyalty toward one's nation.

What is liberalism?

A political philosophy that promotes individual rights, civil liberties, democracy, and free enterprise.

Why was Charles X unpopular after he took over as King of France?

He attempted to restore absolute monarchy.

What did Louis Philippe do to be known as a 'citizen king'?

He dressed in civilian clothing and consulted citizens about government.

How did Louis Napoleon win the presidential election in the Second French Republic?

He leveraged his last name's legacy and appealed to the public's desires.

What is universal suffrage?

Voting rights for all adult male citizens regardless of any qualification.

What did Louis Napoleon do to maintain his power in the French government?

He abolished the republic and crowned himself emperor.

What was the first successful slave revolt in the Western Hemisphere?

The Haitian Revolution.

What is Mercantilism?

Trade between the colonies and the mother country.

Who was Simon Bolivar?

Former President of Peru who achieved independence for Peru and Venezuela.

Who led the fight for Mexican Independence?

Miguel Hidalgo.

Who was responsible for Brazilian independence?

Prince Dom Pedro.

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

It asserted that South America would remain independent and Europe should not interfere in the Western Hemisphere.

Otto von Bismarck called Germans to work together in which speech?

Blood and Iron.

What did Camillo Cavour do to unify Italy?

He secured alliances with France and Prussia.

What made Italian unification especially difficult?

Foreign intervention, disunity among Italians, and lack of strong national consciousness.

Which German-speaking territories were part of the final piece for German unification?

Alsace and Lorraine.

Define Realpolitik.

Realistic politics based on the needs of the state.

What is an ideology?

A system of thought and belief for a group or individual.

What were three Victorian Values?

Values promoting personal duty, hard work, respectability, and charity.

Name two reforms from the British Great Reform Act of 1832.

Elimination of rotten boroughs and establishment of free trade.

Which two European powers dominated imperialism?

Britain and France.

What was the key to European imperialism?

The ease of conquering overseas lands due to social Darwinism.

How did Britain exploit Indian diversity?

By trying to Christianize Hinduism and utilizing Sepoys, who were Indian soldiers in the British army.

Who were the Sepoys?

Indian soldiers that fought in the British army.

How was the British India partnership one-sided?

Britain extracted resources from India without giving much back.

What was the reason for the Opium War?

Increase in opium trade into China caused a trade deficit.

Who won the Opium War, and what did they gain?

England won, gaining money, trading rights, and control of ports.

Who was responsible for opening Japan to modernization?

The Meiji Restoration.

What was the Meiji Restoration?

A movement toward Westernization that restored power to the emperor.

Explain two reforms the Diet made to Japanese society.

They stripped the samurai of their power and provided education to women.

Compare and contrast the American and French revolutions.

Both fought for freedom but for different reasons; the American Revolution aimed for independence from Britain, while the French Revolution sought to end monarchy. The American Revolution led to a new democracy, whereas the French Revolution resulted in violence and Napoleon's rise. In summary, the American focus was on independence, and the French aimed for societal change.