Term 3 History Exam

Exam 1 study guide

1. What is a primary source? Provide an example

   1. either a testimony or an object directly from the period of study

      1. An interview with a soldier directly from World War II

2. What is a secondary source? Provide an example

   1. Testimony from a non-eyewitness or work/study done on the period

      1. Biography, text books

Be able to name one of Leonardo da Vinci’s works and its meaning.

Mona Lisa. He painted it for money and painted it to show that Mona Lisa's right hand is over the left to show her goodness and purity.

Be able to name one of Michelangelo’s works and its meaning.

David is depicted in a neoclassical style, which means it looks new even though it's old and shows a “perfect body” even if that isn’t what he genuinely looked like. Mostly for comparison 

3. What is Parliament?

   1. An assembly of representatives/lords that rule with the king or queen of England/law-making body of England

4. What religion did Oliver Cromwell follow?

   1. Puritanism

5. What was the primary reason absolute monarchs sought to expand their territories into other kingdoms?

   1. It increased territories for themselves, power, wealth, and safety.

6. Name the two political parties that fought in the English Civil War.

   1. Cavaliers and roundheads

7. What is divine right?

   1. The god given right to rule, instead of being given by the people

8. How did Spanish power grow under Charles V and Philip II?

   1. Charles V inherited the throne by being the nephew and became Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, and Phillip the 2nd inherited all this power from him.

9. How did France build a centralized monarchy after the wars of religion?

- Louis XIV built a centralized monarchy by the edict of nates, giving Louis XIV absolute power and an army in return for the huguenots gwen religious liberty. 

10. What were the causes and results of the Thirty Years War?

    1.  War between catholics and protestants. Treaty/peace of Westphalia- increased French power and allowed for religious freedom. Germany was broken into 360 kingdoms.

11. What were some of the goals that Prussia and Austria shared?

    1. Build a strong state, extend territory, work together

12. How did Peter the Great and Catherine the Great modernize and grow Russian power?

    1. Used western concepts of government and technology to strengthen the country and their power. 

13. Describe the concept of absolute monarchy.

    1. A type of government with a single ruler from inherit rights and has complete centralized authority or sovereignty over the state and government

    2. Complete control of the monarch 

14. Make sure you cover each aspect of society, including government and religion, in your answer.

1. There can not be any laws made without the king's consent (the king makes the laws usually), the king would be in charge of the church and in charge of punishment.

15. How did Oliver Cromwell's use of power, specifically in the religious aspect, seem at least as oppressive as an absolute monarch?

    1. Closed taverns and theaters, made the english people worship

16. Who was the author of The Leviathan?

    1. Thomas Hobbes

17. What were the concepts of the work? (leviathan)

    1. He believed that people were cruel, greedy, and selfish. Need an absolute monarch to keep people in check.k

18. What are Locke’s three principles for mankind?

    1. life, liberty, and property

19. Provide an example of censorship.

    1. the suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc., that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security

20. What was Voltaire known for?

    1. Freedom of speech and Freedom of religion Freedom of religion is his main focus.

21. How did Montesquieu influence both the English and American governments?

    1. Divided government into three branches- legislative, executive, and judicial 

    2. The English king is more powerful than America's president.

22. How did Mary Wollstonecraft pursue equal rights for women?

    1. Writing A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

       1. Women should have the right to make their own decisions, equal education, and equal rights for women to be the same as men. 

23. What were the Intolerable Acts?

    1. A series of acts passed by the British Parliament on everyday goods in American colonies

24. What did Jefferson change in Locke’s three principals in the Declaration of Independence?

    1. life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, he changed property to pursuit of happiness

25. How did the Articles of Confederation lead to the US Constitution?

    1. Articles were a weak central government- no central authority. Each state was its own country and wouldn't raise taxes. Constitutional convention creates a strong central government that can raise taxes and keeps a separation of powers between the federal and state.

26. How are the different branches of government checked and balanced under the Constitution?

    1. the system of checks and balances

    2. Ensures that no branch has more power than the other branches.

27. What is popular sovereignty?

    1. The power of the government comes from the consent of the people

28. What were the 3 phases of the French Revolution?

1. The  moderate stage

1. The radical stage  

2. The Stage of Napoleon 

29. Describe each of the Estates General.

    1. 1st estate

       1. Clergy (the church)

    2. 2nd estate

       1. Nobility (dutch, dutchess) (prince, princess)

    3. 3rd estate

       1. Commoners and everyone else

30. Which Estate included the bourgeoisie?

    1. The 3rd estate

31. Who was Robespierre?

    1. Becomes the head of the committee of public safety

    2. Leader of the jacobin party

32. What/who were reactionaries?

    1. Friends and Defenders of the King

33. What signified the climax of the Moderate Phase of the French Revolution?

    1. The storming of the bastille

34. Why did most of Europe declare war on France during the French Revolution?

    1. fear of revolutionary ideas spreading

35. What was the Napoleonic Code, and what reforms did it make?

    1. Influenced civil law codes across the world, replaced the fragmented laws of pre-revolutionary France, recognizing the principles of civil liberty, equality before the law and the secular character of the state, brought back the church.

36. How did the Russians place the French in a difficult position during the French invasion of Russia?

    1. The russians force the french to move into russia and it causes the french to die of starvation, frostbite, and the cold because napoleon taught his men to live off of the land, but his men weren’t used to the cold and the russians burnt their land so there was nothing left to survive off of.

37. What eventually caused the downfall of Napoleon?

    1. His invasion of Russia was his main downfall due to his men dying and not being able to take back France and eventually getting captured.

38. What was Waterloo?

    1. The last war that ended the Napoleonic war, he is defeated by the combine allies of Europe.;

39. What was the Congress of Vienna?

    1. An assembly of European leaders met after the Napoleonic era/French revolution to piece Europe back together

40. What were land enclosures?

    1. The lords were given land by the king. They sectioned the land off so it's enclosed, so they could make money off of those properties. People aren't allowed to live off them unless the lords allow them to.

41. Which natural resources were the most important in industrialization?

    1. Coal and iron 

42. What were the positives of the Industrial Revolution? What were the negatives? (two for each)

    1. Positives- generated new opportunities and economic growth; it also introduced pollution and acute hardships for workers.

    2. Negatives- are child labour, poor working conditions and long hours.

43. What is Nationalism?

    1. Being proud and having strong feelings toward your nation and putting it first before everything

44. What is liberalism?

    1. “a political and social philosophy that promotes individual rights, civil liberties, democracy, and free enterprise.”

    2. A political ideology that gives freedom to the individual

45. Why was Charles X unpopular after he took over as King of France?

    1. He tried to bring back absolute monarchy 

46. What did Louis Phillipe do to live up to his name as “citizen king”?

1. He wanted to be a king for the people, so he dressed up in civilian clothes and asked them about government and took those ideas and put them into power.

47. How did Louis Napoleon win the presidential election in the Second French Republic?

    1. He used the name from Napoleon and told people what they wanted to hear, so he was selected by the people.

48. What is universal suffrage?

    1. a form of voting rights in which all adult male citizens within a political system are allowed to vote, regardless of income, property, religion, race, or any other qualification

    2. The right for man to vote (simple terms)

49. What did Louis Napoleon do to keep his position of power in the French government?

    1. He abolished the republic and crowned himself emperor.

50. What was the first successful slave revolt in the Western Hemisphere?

    1. The Haitian Revolution

51. What is Mercantilism?

1. Trade between colonies and the mother country.

52. Who was Simon Bolivar?

    1. Former President of Peru and achieved independence for peru and Venezuela.

53. Who led the fight for Mexican Independence?

    1. Miguel Hidalgo 

54. Who was responsible for Brazilian independence?

    1. Prince Dom Pedro

55. What was the Monroe Doctrine?

    1. South America stays independent and free, and Europe stays out of the Western Hemisphere.

56.  Otto von Bismardck called Germans to work together for unification in which speech?

    1. Blood and Iron

57. What did Camillo Cavour do to unify Italy?

    1. Secured alliance with France and Prussia

58. What made Italian unification especially difficult?

    1. the barriers of foreign intervention, disunity among Italians, and the lack of a strong national consciousness

    2. They wanted to stay in their states

59. Which German-speaking French territories were part of the final piece of the puzzle for German unification?

    1. Alsace and lorrainne

60. Define Realpolitik.

    1. Realistic politics based on the needs of the state

    2. You would change what you believe based on what the public believes

61. What is an ideology?

    1. System of thought and belief for a group or individual

62. What were three Victorian Values?

    1. They promoted a code of values based on personal duty, hard work, respectability, and charity.

63. Name two of the reforms in the British Great Reform Act of 1832.

    1. Elimination of the rotten boroughs 

    2. Free trade

64. Which two European powers were the most dominant in imperialism?

1. Britain and France 

65. What was the key to European imperialism? Think about what made 

Conquering overseas lands was easier.

1. Social darwinism

66. How did Britain exploit Indian diversity? Think about religions in India.

Who were the Sepoys?

1. Wanted to Christianize Hinduism and give soldiers ammo packets greased with animal fat like cows and goats

67. Who were the Sepoys?

1. Indian soldiers that fought in the British army

68. How was the British India partnership one-sided?

1. Britain took everything from India but didn’t give much back

69. What was the reason for the Opium War?

1. The increase in the opium trade into China caused a trade deficit.

70. Who won the Opium War, and what did they get?

1. England won and they got more money, trading rights, and control of the ports

71. Who was responsible for opening Japan to modernization?

1. meiji

72. What was the Meiji Restoration?

1. A move toward Westernization that restored power to the emperor

Explain two reforms the Diet made to Japanese society.

1. They stripped the samurai of their power and gave education to women

Essay Question- (4-6 sentences) Compare and contrast the American and French revolutions. How are they the same, and how are they different? 

1. The American and French Revolutions both fought for freedom but for different reasons. The American Revolution was about gaining independence from Britain. The French Revolution wanted to end the monarchy and change the whole government. Both were inspired by ideas of liberty, but the American Revolution created a new democratic government, while the French Revolution led to violence and the rise of Napoleon. In short, the American Revolution focused on independence, while the French Revolution aimed to change society completely.