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prokaryotes are typically ( smaller/ bigger) than eukaryotes
smaller
bacteria have a lack of a
packaged nucleus
bacteria have nn membrane between _____ and the ______
chromosomes, cytoplasm
In bacteria, ( ) and ( ) take place in the same place
transcription, translation
What are bacteria the descendant of?
mitochondria
What can drugs be selectively toxic for in bacteria
ribosomes
what is a
capsule
What is b
cell wall
What is c
cytoplasmic membrane
what is d
flagellum
what is e
cell wall
What is f
nucleoid
What is g
chromosome
what is h
cytoplasm
what is i
ribosomes
What is j
pilus
What is the basic unit of Bacteria plasma membrane?
amphipathic phosphoatidic acid
Bacteria cytoplasmic membrane is ___ and ____
fluid; mosaic
Archea membrane has ____ linkages
ether
In domain Archaea, tetraethers make the cell membrane a
monolayer
Archaea are called _____ because they live in hostile enviros.
extremophiles
Why are Archaea not typically dangerous
it is hard for them to live in typical human environments
Archaea membrane is more ____ than Bacteria’s
rigid
Even though the Archaea membrane is simpler than Bacteria’s it is just as
thick
cell morphologies of bacteria are determined by
cytoskeletal proteins
what is the morphism of most bacteria
monomorphism
What is an example of pleomorphism
Rhizobium
Rhizobium is important in _____ for legumes
nitrogen fixation
Rhizobium assumes different ( ) in soils/ plants
shapes
What can help narrow identification of bacteria down (2)
morphology and gram status
What is the name of this cell shape
coccus
What is the name of this cell shape
bacillus
What is the name of this cell shape
vibrio
What is the name of this cell shape
spirillium
What is the name of this cell shpae
spirocheta
Spirillium is _____ and has ______
rigid; flagella
Spirochete is ____ and has _____ filaments
flexible ; axial
What are the 2 types of cell walls
gram + and gram -
in mycobacterium wall makes of majority of the cell wall?
mycolic acid
What is special about the species mycoplasma spp. (3)
-it has no cell wall
-obligate intracellular parasite
-smallest living genome
What species could be a possible starting point for new life forms
mycoplasma spp.
What chemical structure is in most cell walls
3-carbon ring
Where does mycoplasma spp reside
cytoplasm of eukaryotes
mycoplasma spp. is a common ______- _____ contaminent
cell culture
Since mycobacterium has a mycolic acid cell wall is its hard to bring in _____ and get rid of ____
nutrients ; waste
because mycobacterium has such a hydrophobic membrane; infections with it are ______ and require _____ treatment
slow; long
Archaea have cell wall composed of ____-_ and _____ (macromolecules)
proteins, polysaccharides
Cells walls protect the cell membrane from ____ trauma and ______ stress
physical ; osmotic
The cytoplasm is ___tonic
hypertonic
What does the cell wall of prokaryotes provide for us
ID system and target for drugs
What is the bacterial cell wall’s major consitituent
peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan is an alternating chain of ____ and ___
NAG; NAM
The bacterial cell wall is a chemically modified version of ___- monomer
glucose
crosslinks are short ____ in cell walls
peptides
G+ walls have thick _____ layering
peptidoglycan
G+ walls have ______ acid crosslinks that link layers
teichoic
What are the anchors to link cell membranes and the PG layer in G+ walls
lipteichoic acid anchors
G- walls have a ___layer of peptidoglycan
thin
The PG layer in G- cell walls is where?
between the two membranes
What is the importat chemical structure that is a virulence factor in G- cell wall
lipopolysaccharides
Lipopolysaccharaides are a “ “
endotoxin
What lipid is the culprit for toxins in G- bacteria
lipid A
The LPS is _____- (generates heat) which can lead to ____ shock
pyrogenic; endotoxic
What is A
inner cytoplasmic memrane
What is B
periplasm
What is C
outer membrane
What is D
porin protein
What is E
lipopolysaccharide
What is F
lipoprotein
What is G
peptidoglycan
What is A
lipid A
What is B
core polysaccharide
What is C
o antigen
A porin makes the outermembrane of a cell wall ____ to nutrients, wastes , and gasses
invisible
porins fucntion as a
homotrimer
porins have a very selective
size
What is the gel like layer of a bacteria called
capsules/ slime layers
What is the capsule made out of
polysaccharide glycocalyx
Capsules are important in _____production and are considered important ____ factors
biofilm; virulence
In streptocaccus, the capsule causes ___ decay and ____
tooth, tatar
antibodies cannot bind the _____ wall in bacteria
capsule
What is bacteriall cell-cell communication called
quaram sensing
What had to be inhibited for antibiotics to penetrate through capsules
quaram sensing
What is the common cause of pneumonia in animals
step. pneumoniae
What mechanism was Fredrick Griffith’s experiment about
bacterial transformation
In FG’s experiemnt he mixed _____ cells with _____ cells
encapsulated (virulent) ; non-encapsulated (nonvirulent)
In FG’s experiment he ___ treated the encapsulated cells and it had _____ effect on the mouse
heat; no
When he mixed the 2 cells the mouse _____ and they isolated ___ encapsulated cells
died; living
Flagella function for
locomotion
What are flagella made of
flagellin proteins
Flagella are driven by ____ in ____
motor; cell wall
What drives the flagella motor?
proton gradient
Flagella are rigid and _____; and have a ___ center
corkscrew; hollow
Flagella are (intra/extra) cellular
extra
In the sereotype O157:H7 what is the antigenic/flageller determinant
H
In the serotype O157:H7 what is the LPS antigen
O
Flagella in eukaryotes are an extension of the _____
cell membrane
What is the length of a typical bacteria?
1-5 um
How did they test the spin rate and speed of bacteria?
adhered bacteria to the microscope lense and watched the cell spin instead of the flagella
How do bacteria control direction of movement
aerotaxis/ chemotaxis
Note
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