Chapter 11: Motivation and Emotion

Metabolism

Metabolism

Is the bodys rate of energy (or caloric) utilization.

Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN)

A cluster of neurons packed with receptor sites for various transmitters that stimulate or reduce appetite.

Ego-Avoidance Goals

Center on avoiding being outperformed by others.

Drives

States of internal tension that motivate an organism to behave in ways that reduce this tension.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A peptide (a type of hormone) that helps produce satiety.

Homeostasis

A state of internal physiological equilibrium that the body strives to maintain.

Matstery-Approach Goals

Focus on the desire to master a task and learn new knowledge or skills.

Set Point

A biologically determined standard around which body weight (or, more accurately, fat mass) is regulated.

Motivational Climate

That encourages or rewards either a mastery approach or an ego approach to defi ning success.

Extrinsic Motivation

Performing an activity to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment.

Social Comparison

Involves comparing our beliefs, feelings, and behaviors with those of other people.

Motivation

As a process that infl uences the direction, persistence, and vigor of goaldirected behavior.

Instinct(fixed action pattern)

Is an inherited characteristic, common to all members of a species, that automatically produces a particular response when the organism is exposed to a particular stimulus.

Ego Approach Goals

Reflect a competitive orientation that focuses on outperforming other people.

Emotions

Are feeling (or affect) states that involve a pattern of cognitive, physiological, and behavioral reactions to events.

Self- Determination Theory

Focuses on three fundamental psychological needs- competence, autonomy, and relatedness- and on how they relate to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

Cannon Bard Theory

Proposed that the subjective experience of emotion and physiological arousal do not cause one another but instead are independent responses to an emotion- arousing situation.

Anorexia nervosa

Have an intense fear of being fat and severely restrict their food intake to the point of self- starvation.

Bulimia Nervosa

Have a fear of becoming fat, and so people binge- eat and then purge the food.

Self Actualization

Which represents the need to fulfi ll our potential.

Expressive Behaviors

The persons observable emotional displays.

Instrumental Behaviors

In emotion, coping behaviors that are directed at achieving the goal or performing the task that is relevant to the emotion.

Eliciting Stimuli

That trigger cognitive appraisals and emotional responses.

Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

Which responds to stimuli that signal potential pain, nonreinforcement, and punishment.

Behavioral Activation System (BAS)

Is roused to action by signals of potential reward and positive need gratification.

Cognitive Apprasials

Are the interpretations and meanings that we attach to sensory stimuli.

Expectancy x Value Theory

Goal-directed behavior is jointly determined by the strength of the persons expectation that particular behaviors will lead to a goal and by the incentive value the individual places on that goal.

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Involves being attracted to and repelled by the same goal.

Mastery Orientations

In which the focus is on personal improvement, giving maximum effort, and perfecting new skills.

James Lange Theory

Our bodily reactions determine the subjective emotion we experience.

Facial Feedback hypothesis

Feedback from the facial muscles to the brain plays a key role in determining the nature and intensity of emotions that we experience.

Achievement Goal theory

Focuses on the manner in which success is defi ned both by the individual and within the achievement situation itself.

Need for Achievement

A positive desire to accomplish tasks and compete successfully with standards of excellence.

Ego Orientation

In which the goal is to outperform others (hopefully, with as little effort as possible)