Time Period 6 APUSH. RAGGGHHHHHHHH.

Reasons for industrial revolution

Technological advancements, access to resources, population growth, urbanization, and the rise of capitalism.

Railroads and their impact

revolutionized transportation in the 19th century, enabling faster movement of goods and people, connecting distant regions, and stimulating economic growth.

Federal land grants to RR’s

Flashcard: Federal land grants to RR’s - Government policy that allocated land to railway companies to encourage railroad construction and expansion in the 19th century United States.

Rise of steel industry

quicker easier process for making steel was developed caused rise of heavy industry

Henry Bessemer and William Kelly discovered blasting air through molten iron makes high quality steel

First billion dollar company, largest enterprise, controlled 75% of business

sold to JP Morgan

Andrew Carnegie

Immigrant from Scotland that worked for his wealth

Manufactured steel in Pittsburgh, largest producer of steel

Vertical integration

Vertical integration

Company controlled everything

Oil industry

Joh;D Rockerfeller founded

Forced rivals out of business

Controlled 90% of business

Worth $900 million

Horizontal integration

Trust

Sugar, tabacco, leather , meat copied oil industry

Sherman Anti Trust Act

Middle class feared trust’s power and Old wealth hated new wealth

Prohibited any contract, combonation, in the form of trust

Worded too vaguely to do anything

Only about commerce, not manufacturing

Laissez faire capitalism

Hands off business to keep prices low

Adam smith

Social Darwinism

Herbert Spencer

Natural selection applied to market place

Helping the poor was wrong

Gospel of Wealth

an essay written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889, advocating philanthropy by the wealthy to address social inequality.

Inventions

Telegraph

Typewriter

Camera

Marketing goods

Large department stores rh Maeg and Marshal Field

¢5 and ¢10 frank Woolworth

Refrigerated railroad cars

Haratio Alger

Work hard and get rich

Expanding middle class

Growth of corporations caused a need for workers

Collective bargaining

It is a process where representatives of workers negotiate with employers to determine wages, working conditions, and other terms of employment.

National labor Union

First attempted Union

Won 8 hour day for workers

Equal rights for women and black, monetary reform,worker cooperatives

Knights of Labor

Secret society to avoid detection

Terence v powdery

Declined after haymarket

Haymarket

Labor violence broke out, knights of labor were blamed

American Federation of Labour

More narrow economic goals

Samuel Gompers

Focused on higher wages and improved conditions

Largest Union with 1.

Mill people

Homestead strike

Manager used lockouts and scabs, strike lost

Pullman strike

Cut wages, made strike

Went to federal court and Union was arrested and jailed

Only 3% of ppl in unions

Destruction of Buffal o

Buffalo was wiped out

Chinese exclusion act

Passed due to political pressure from western states

Prohibited further immigration of Chinese laborers

First act to restrict immigration based on race

Frederick Jackson turner

was an American historian known for his "Frontier Thesis," which argued that the American character was shaped by the experience of the frontier.

Homestead act

was a U.S. law passed in 1862 that provided settlers with 160 acres of public land for a small fee if they lived on the land, improved it, and cultivated it for five years.

Dawes act

also known as the General Allotment Act, was passed in 1887 in the United States. It aimed to break up Native American reservations by dividing the land into individual plots for tribal members, with the goal of assimilating them into mainstream American society.

Carlisle school

was founded in 1879 by Richard Henry Pratt in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. It was the first off-reservation boarding school aimed at assimilating Native American children into mainstream American culture through education and vocational training.

Henry Grady

was a prominent American journalist and orator known for his work as the editor of the Atlanta Constitution. He was a leading advocate for the development of the "New South" after the Civil War, promoting industrialization and reconciliation between the North and South.

New

plessy V Ferguson

was a landmark 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine.

Booker t Washington

Better to accommodate segregation

Established schools

Hard work, moderation self help

Money is more important that political ballot

Racial harmony is more important tha forcing change

Web Du Bois

Radical approach

Demanded segregation to end

Change is more important than accommodation

National Alliance

increase money supply

Advocated for free and unlimited coinage of silver and raising prices of crops and preventing prices from going down

Ocala Platform

• Reform agenda by the Populist Party in 1890

• Advocated for free coinage of silver, income tax, and government ownership of railroads

• Aimed to address issues of farmers and laborers

Populist party

Populist Party

• Definition: A political party in the US during the late 19th century advocating for farmers and laborers, known for its anti-big business stance.

The Grange

was a social organization founded in 1867 to improve the lives of farmers through educational programs and political advocacy.

Oliver’s Kelly

Defended against middlemen, trusts, railroads

Pull factors

Political and religious freedom

Economic oppurtunities

Opportunity to own land

Abundance of industrial jobs

Push Factors

Poverty of displaced farm workers due to mechanizations

Political turmoil

Overcrowded cities

Joblessness

Religious persecution

Old immigrants

Northern and Western Europe

Protestant

Speak English

New immigrants

Southern and Eastern Europe

Poor and illiterate

Roman Catholic

Settled in crowded and poor ethnic enclaves

Ethnic enclaves

are areas within a city where a particular ethnic group resides in a concentrated manner, preserving their cultural identity and traditions.

Tenements

are overcrowded urban buildings divided into small, often squalid apartments, typically housing low-income residents in cities.

Political machines

were powerful political organizations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that controlled city governments through corruption and patronage.

William boss tweed

Corrupt politician who led Tammany Hall, a powerful political machine in 19th century New York City.

Tammany hall

was a political organization in New York City known for its influence in Democratic Party politics in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Progress and poverty

Book written by Henry George

Looked critically at laissaiz faire

Unequal wealth

Replace all taxes with a single tax

Settlement houses

Settlement houses were community centers in urban areas that provided social services and support for immigrants and the poor in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Jane Addams

_______ was a social reformer and activist who co-founded Hull House in Chicago, a settlement house that provided social services to immigrants and the poor.

hull house

Hull House was a settlement house in Chicago founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889. It provided social and educational opportunities for working-class people and was influential in the social reform movement.

Social gospel

The _______ was a movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that emphasized applying Christian principles to address social issues such as poverty, inequality, and injustice.

NAWSA

NAWSA: Formed in 1890, the National American Woman Suffrage Association was a key organization in the fight for women's right to vote in the United States.

Temperance movement

aimed to reduce alcohol consumption through advocacy and legislation, promoting moderation or complete abstinence.

Changes in education

Public schools taught reading writing and arithmetics

Laws required children to attend school

literacy rates rose

Kindergarten

Ashcan school of art

Ashcan School of Art: An early 20th-century movement in American art that depicted scenes of everyday urban life, focusing on gritty realism and capturing the essence of city living.

Popular culture and entertainment in late 1800s

Late 1800s saw the rise of popular culture and entertainment with vaudeville shows, dime novels, and early motion pictures. It reflected societal changes and technological advancements of the time.

Reduction in work hours

Better transportation

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Decline in puritan values

Gilded age

Period in US history post-Civil War marked by rapid economic growth, industrialization, and wealth accumulation alongside social issues and political corruption.

Political stalemate in the late 1800s

Definition: Period of gridlock between Republicans and Democrats in the US government, leading to limited legislative progress.

Limited government

Federal courts narrowly interpreted the governments power to regulate business

Populist party

Political party in the late 19th century advocating for farmers and workers. Supported free coinage of silver and government regulation of railroads.

William Jennings Bryan

was a prominent American politician and orator known for his populist and progressive views. He ran for president three times and famously argued against the teaching of evolution in the Scopes Monkey Trial.

Cross of gold speech

speech at the 1896 Democratic National Convention, advocating for bimetallism and criticizing the gold standard?

Tarriff issue

Farmers and eastern capitalists disagreed

Democrats objected to high tariffs

Caused farmers to lose overseas sales, making prices go lower

Election of 1896

between William Jennings Bryan (pro silver) and McKinley (pro tarriff)

Marked the end of the stalemate and gilded age

Defeated free silver movement and initiated an era of republican dominated

Victory. For big business