Glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans

Saccharides and sugars

Other names for carbohydrate

Used to modify proteins

What unique function does carbohydrates have with proteins

Has a down, up, down, up pattern of OH’s from C2 to C5

What is the configuration of OH’s on glucose

Galactose

A C4 epidermis of glucose

Mannose

A C2 epimer of gulcose

Reducing end

A carbon parallel to the non reducing carbon in a carbohydrate, can make O glycosidic bond with other carbohydrate

Non reducing end

The anomeric carbon C1 that has a OCH3

Free aldehydes can reduce copper

The anomeric carbon C1 that has a OCH3

Free aldehydes can reduce copper

Glucose is a reducing sugar as it…

2 stereomeres of glucose

The asymmetry of the glucose chain causes

Beta glucose

Anomeric carbon C1 has OH on top

Alpha glucose

Anomeric carbon C1 has OH on the bottom

Fructose

Sialic acid (NANA)

OH pattern is up down up

Sialic acid (NANA)

A complex carbohydrate

O glycosidic bond

What bond is formed between to carbohydrates

N glycosidic bonds

What other bond can anomeric carbons form

Down, up, up ,up

Galactose OH repeat

Amylopectin

Startch/ glycogen

Cellulose

Fine that can not be digested

Signaling to lysosomes, and anchoring to the ER membrane

In what ways for carbohydrates modify proteins

N linked glycosylation

Oligosaccharides linked to asparagine

Ask-X-Ser or Asn-X-Thr

The specific sequences required for N linked glycosylation to occur

Dolichol

A hydrocarbon found in the membrane that anchors the core oligosaccharide tot eh ER membrane

Core oligosaccharide

Consists of glucose, mannose and N acetyl galactosamine

Oligosaccharide transferase

Transfers the oligosaccharide to the asparagine on the protein

Complex class of N link glycosylation

Core oligosaccharide with NANA

High mannose class of N linked glycosylation

Core oligosaccharide with many manose

As the protein is synthesized

When does the addition of core oligosaccharides to asparagine in the protein occur

Gylcosylation

The addition of carbohydrates to protein

Protect proteins and molecular recognition

Main functions of glycosylation

Mucopolycaccharidsoes

Lack of certain enzymes to break down glycosaminoglycans

They are negatively charged so they repel each other allowing for recoil. Also attract water. Act like a cushion in the knee.

Function of glycosaminoglycans in the synovial fluid

Trimming and addition of carbohydrates occur

What happens after glycosylation begins

Has MANY carbohydrates, O link glycosylation, and sulfate and sailing acid residues that make it negatively charged

What are the characteristics of mucins

Prolin, threonine, and serine

What is the retreating unit in mucins

Increase viscosity due to internal friction between molecules

What do mucins do to the solution that they are but in

They are used as decoys to capture antigens

What is mucins main role in the body

Firm mucins and loose mucins

Types of mucins

To the epithelial membrane

Where are firm mucins bound

Mannose 6 phosphate

What carbohydrate is use to signal proteins to the lysosome

I cell disease

A lysosmal storage disease that prevents proteins from being sent to the lysosome