AP Psychology: Unit 8

Insane

Insane

This is a strictly legal term that rids a person of responsibility for their crimes

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders / DSM

This manual helps diagnose an lists all the symptoms of recognized psychological disorders

Specific Phobia

A type of anxiety disorder

An intense, unwarranted fear of a situation or object (claustrophobia, agoraphobia)

Generalized Anxiety Disorder / GAD

Constant, low level anxiety

Panic Disorder

This anxiety disorder is characterized by acute episodes of intense anxiety without cause

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A psychological problem through physiological symptoms

• No identifiable physical cause

Conversion Disorder

A type of somatic symptom disorder

Reporting a severe problem (paralysis, blindness) without a biologicals reason

Dissociative Amnesia

A type of dissociative disorder:

A person cannot remember something without a physiological basis

Organic Amnesia

Biologically Induced Amnesia

Dissociative Identity Disorder / DID

A type of dissociative disorder:

A person believes they have several personalities

Major Depressive Disorder / Unipolar Depression

More than 2 weeks of feeling terribly down and unmotivated without a clear reason

Big sad :(

Seasonal Affective Disorder / SAD

Seasonal Depression

Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Triad

Ideas about yourself, your world, and your future

Learned Helplessness

Martin Seligman’s observation that one learns to act helpless if they think they cannot cotrol their fate (shocked dogs)

Bipolar Disorder / Manic Depression

A combination of depressed and manic episodes

Schizophrenia

A disorder characterized by disordered and distorted thinking—> delusions, hallucinations, disorganized language and motor behavior

Delusions

Beliefs without basis in reality

Delusions of Persecution

Thinking people are out to get you

Delusions of Grandeur

Thinking you enjoy more power than you actually have

Hallucinations

A symptom of schizophrenia

Perceptions in absence of sensory stimulation

Neologisms

A symptom of schizophrenia

Made up words

Clang Associations

A symptom of schizophrenia

Nonsense words that rhyme

Inappropriate Effect

A symptom of schizophrenia

A wrong emotional response (laugh at a funeral)

Flat effect

A symptom of schizophrenia

No emotional respons

Catatonia

A symptom of schizophrenia

Remaining motionless in strange positions and/or moving jerkily without reason

Wavy Flexibility

A symptom of schizophrenia

The body may be moved into alternate shapes and stay that way during catatonia

Positive

These symptoms of schizophrenia include:

Excess in behavior, thought, or mood

Negative

These symptoms of Schizophrenia include:

Deficits like the flat effect or catatonia

Dopamine Hypothesis

The thought that too much dopamine causes schizophrenia

Tardive Diskinesia

Extensive use of drugs that lower dopamine levels, causing tremors and stiffness

Double Binds

Contradictory messages being received by a person (parents encourage studying but question why you have no friends)

Diathesis-Stress Model

Environmental stressors provide circumstances where biological predispositions for illnesses make themselves evident

Personality Disorders

Although these are mainly minor disorders, they negatively impact people’s ability to function

Antisocial

This type of personality disorder demonstrates little regard for others’ feelings and thinking that the world is a hostile place

Dependent

This type of personality disorder is when someone relies too much on other people

Histrionic

This type of personality disorder is when someone is overdramatic

Paranoid

This type of personality disorder manifests itself as intense feelings of persecution

Narcissistc

This type of personality disorder is when someone thinks they are the center of the universe

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder / OCPD

This type of personality disorder is when someone is obsessed with performing certain thoughts and behaviors, though not as intensely as OCD

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder / OCD

This is when persistent, unwanted obsessions cause someone to feel compulsion to engage in an action

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder / PTSD

This is when flashbacks and nightmares haunt a person after a traumatic event

Paraphyllia / Psychosexual Disorders

Attraction to an unconventional object, person, or activity

Autism Spectrum Disorder / ASD

This disorder makes a person less social and seeking emotional contact, hypersensitive, or have an intense interest in something

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder / ADHD

Difficulty paying attention an staying still

Rosenhan study

An experiment conducted to determine the validity of psychiatric diagnosis. Participants submitted themselves for evaluation at various psychiatric institutions and feigned hallucinations in order to be accepted, but acted normally from then onward.

Preventative Efforts

Treating problems proactively (before they are severe)

Primary Prevention

Reducing societal problems such as homelessness or joblessness to lessen possibility of developing psychological disorders

Secondary Prevention

Working with at risk people to prevent problems (such as counseling after a terrorist attack)

Tertiary Prevention

Keeping issues from becoming more sever once they are already apparent

Psychotherapy

A treatment of psychological disorders that includes talking to a psychologist (psychoanalytic, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive)

Somatic Treatments

A treatment of psychological disorders that uses drugs

Psychoanalytic Therapy

A treatment of psychological disorders that includes the “couch and talking”

Free association, dream analysis, hypnosis

Relies on the psychologist’s interpretation

Transference

Strong feeling towards your therapist

Symptom Substituton

Treating one symptom only to have another one show up

Humanistic Therapy

A treatment of psychological disorders strives to help a person self-actualize

Client-Centered Therapy

A treatment of psychological disorders focuses on the therapist providing unconditional positive regard

Non-directive

Client-centered therapy is ______, meaning they do not tell the clients what to do and focus on active listening

Gestalt Therapy

Developed by Fritz Perls: Clients get in touch with their whole selves

Existential Therapy

A treatment of psychological disorders where a person is helped to achieve a subjectively meaningful perception of life if they lost their sense of purpose

Behavioral Therapy

A treatment of psychological disorders focuses o trying to undo learned behavior

Counterconditioning

developed by Mary Cover Jones, this treatment of psychological disorders replaces unpleasant CR with a pleasant one (like bringing toys to a dentist)

Systematic Desensitization

Developed by Joseph Wolpe, this treatment of psychological disorders replaces anxiety with relaxation with the help of repeated pairings

• Works on the anxiety hierarchy

Vivo desensitization

Confronting feared situations

Covert desensitization

Imagining feared situations

Flooding

Confronting or imagining the most anxious level in the anxiety hierarchy to extinguish fear

Cognitive Therapy

A treatment of psychological disorders that focuses on changing unhealthy thought patterns and bring success (Aaron Beck)

Attribution style

Thinking of problems as external / internal and temporary / permanent

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy / REBT

Developed by Albert Ellis

• Exposing and confronting dysfunctional thoughts and engaging in the feared behavior

  • A type of cognitive behavioral therapy

Antipsychotic Drugs / Thorazine / Haldol

These drugs are used to treat schizophrenia: block dopamine receptors

Tricyclic Antidepressants / Monoamine Oxidase / Inhibitors / SSRI

Used to treat unipolar depression

Lithium

Used to treat the manic stages of bipolar disorder

Barbituaries / Benzodiazepines / Xanax / Valium / Miltown

Used to treat anxiety

Electroconvulsive Therapy / ECT

Electricity is passed through either one or both hemispehres of the brain to treat severe depression

Psychosurgery

In extreme cases, part of the brain is destroyed to treat psychological disorders

Lobotomy

Cutting neurons to frontal lobes. Not done anymore. Makes a person stuck in a vegetative state