Module 2 Germs Exam

What bacterium causes stomach ulcers and helped disprove the miasma theory?

Helicobacter pylori

What viruses commonly cause the common cold?

Rhinoviruses (most common), adenoviruses, enteroviruses

What two bacteria cause gingivitis?

Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis

What bacterium causes strep throat?

Streptococcus pyogenes

What causes tinea infections like athlete's foot?

Dermatophyte fungi

What is the main "black mold" species found in damp homes?

Stachybotrys chartarum

What pink-colored bacteria is common in bathrooms?

Serratia marcescens

What protozoan causes "crypto" and resists chlorine?

Cryptosporidium parvum

What protozoan causes giardiasis and is common in beaver ponds?

Giardia lamblia

What should you do if you see mold on food?

Dispose of the food — some molds release dangerous mycotoxins.

What bacterium causes listeriosis and can lead to invasive infections?

Listeria monocytogenes

What is the most common shiga-toxin-producing E. coli group?

STEC

Which Salmonella species causes typhoid fever?

Salmonella typhi

Which Salmonella species is zoonotic and found in eggs?

Salmonella typhimurium

What scientist traced cholera to a water pump in London?

John Snow

What are Koch's postulates used for?

Linking a microbe to a disease

Define pandemic.

A disease outbreak across multiple continents.

What does MRSA stand for?

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

What is VRE?

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus

What enables bacteria to share resistance traits?

Plasmids and viruses (lysogenic cycle)

What virus did Edward Jenner use to create the smallpox vaccine?

Cowpox (Vaccinia virus)

What type of vaccine is MMR?

Live attenuated

Which viruses are included in the MMR vaccine?

Measles, Mumps, Rubella

What are the four types of vaccines?

Live attenuated, inactivated, subunit/recombinant, mRNA

What percentage of coverage is needed for measles herd immunity?

95%

What bacterium causes chlamydia?

Chlamydia trachomatis

What virus causes genital warts and cancer?

HPV (Human papillomavirus)

What virus causes lifelong oral or genital sores?

Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2)

What virus causes AIDS?

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

What mosquito-borne virus can cause brain swelling?

West Nile Virus

What bacterium causes Lyme disease?

Borrelia burgdorferi

What animal is the top rabies vector in the U.S.?

Bats

What bacterium caused the Black Death?

Yersinia pestis

how do RNA viruses spread?

via aerosols & surfaces; affects upper respiratory tract

How do you get gingivitis?

Bacterial biofilms in mouth cause plaque; bleeding gums; part of microbiome

Group A strep throat

contagious via droplets; white patches, sore throat; antibiotics help

Louis Pasteur

disproved spontaneous generation, invented pasteurization

Robert Koch

Koch's postulates, linked microbes to disease

John Snow

father of epidemiology, traced cholera to water pump

Alexander Fleming

discovered penicillin (antibiotics)

Edward Jenner

invented smallpox vaccine using cowpox

Andrew Wakefield

falsely linked MMR vaccine to autism (discredited)

Food poisoning & prevention

4 CDC steps (wash, separate, cook, chill)

Clinical Microbiology

Diagnostic plates (BAPs, EMBPs); shape, color, Gram stain

Epidemiology

Surveillance + outbreak types (sporadic, endemic, epidemic, pandemic)

Antibiotics & Resistance

Resistance via plasmids, misuse causes evolution

Vaccines

4 types (live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, mRNA); goals = prime immune memory & herd immunity

Common STD symptoms & transmission

Discharge, sores, fever; spread via fluids, birth

Zoonotic Pathogens

Reservoir = natural host; Vector = transmitting animal (e.g. mosquito, tick, flea)