Topic 13: Innate Defense System

Prostaglandins

________= found in every tissue, hormone- like effect, lipid derived.

Chemotaxis

________- inflammatory chemicals attract neutrophils to the injury site.

Acute inflammation

________ is the immediate response of body to injury or cell death.

Inflammation

________ is its hallmark and most important mechanism (cause of swelling, heat, redness)

Physical activity

________ is needed to increase metabolic rate, heat production= This accomplished by shivering thermogenesis.

complement proteins

All ________ are in the inactive state until activation when the host is challenged by an invading microbe.

NK

________ cells: the absence of MHC class I molecules, specific types of antibodies, and.

Soluble proteins

________ or glycoproteins that are released by one cell population that act as intercellular mediators or signaling molecules.

Macrophages

________ and dendritic cells, become part of innate immune system and will respond to all antigens.

Phagocytosis

________ can be greatly increased by opsonization.

Skin bacteria

________ have a high salt toleration and dryness (mannitol salt agar !)

Hydrogen cyanide

________: Used in chemical weapons.

Salivation washes

________ microbes to stomach (pH 3- 5)

PAMPs

________ are unique to microbes, not present in host.

UTI

Bacteria can go up through urinary tract and cause ________, if not treated the bacteria can travel upwards.

maturation

After ________ and activation are called plasma cells and produce antibodies.

asthma allergic reactions

Play a role in ________ along with mast cells.

Vinyl chloride

________: Used to make pipes.

Tobacco

________ smoke contains a deadly mix of more than 7, 000chemicals.

Chemokines

________- signaling proteins /cytokines.

Toluene

________: Found in paint thinners.

"probiotic-up to 500 species", "prebiotic"

up to ¾ immune system reside in your gut

Immunity

Ability to ward off disease

Innate immunity

Defenses against any pathogen

Adaptive immunity

Immunity, resistance to a specific pathogen

Second line of defense

antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells

Specialized lymphocytes

T and B cells (T cells are HIVs target; B cells give antibodies)

Surface Barriers

Skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions make up the first line of defense

Largest organ (20 sqft), 10+/

pounds

Cellulitis

inflammation due to infection

Warts

viral infection cause excess skin growth

Herpes

HSV-1&HSV-2, periodic blisters around lips or genitals

Tinea

skin mycosis

Shingles

varicella zoster virus (linear DNA, lipid enveloped, herpes group)

Lysozyme in saliva and tears

function

*Antagonisms

competitive exclusion of normal microbiota (our bacteria)

Langerhans cell

NOT islet of Langerhans in pancreas

produces superoxide radicals

toxic

80% lung cancer

due to smoking, 13% survive 5+ years

Formaldehyde

Used to embalm dead bodies

Polonium 210

Radioactive and very toxic

Vinyl chloride

Used to make pipes

Lead

Once used in paint

Cadmium

Used to make batteries

Hydrogen cyanide

Used in chemical weapons

Butane

Used in lighter fluid

Toluene

Found in paint thinners

microaerophilic

likes less oxygen (strept throat test)

Gastritis, linked to duodenal and stomach cancer

stress was to blame before the discovery

1st infection

antibody test

2nd and after

Urea or stool test

Picture

blood has plasma and cells (red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells); centrifuge separates layers

Blood Plasma

approx. 55%

Platelets donation

not from mama

pregnant

may have antibody from baby

Plasma donation

no tuberculosis, malaria, sickle cell anemia, cancer etc

white blood cells (WBCs)

major role in the innate and specific responses

Hematopoesis

hematopoetic stem cell differentiation process (all blood components)

Dendritic Cells

Antigen-presenting cells (APC)

60% of WBC

majority

highly phagocytic

1st to go to site

idopathic

dont know what it is, may be genetic

need a signal (i.e antigen presenting cell

dendritic cell)

Cytotoxic T-cells

the specific antigens presented by their MHC class I molecule

NK cells

the absence of MHC class I molecules, specific types of antibodies, and

Secondary lymphoid tissue includes

lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, Peyers patches (intestine), spleen

*lectin

carbohydrate binding proteins

*PPI

Alzheimers, CJD, Cancer

Neutrophils

after digesting microbial fragments

cardinal signs

PRISH

Pain

release of chemicals such as histamine

chemokines

signaling proteins/cytokines

Margination

neutrophils cling to the walls of capillaries in the injured area

Chemotaxis

inflammatory chemicals attract neutrophils to the injury site

Example from your lab

Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, S. pyogenes (Gram+, β-hemolysis, catalase-), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

composed of > 30 serum proteins

mainly produced in liver (pro-proteins)

Feeling awful/miserable

treating the symptom, not the cause

What generally composes the immune system?

wide variety of cells, tissues, and organs

What is the function of the immune system?

recognizes foreign substances or microbes and acts to neutralize or destroy them

What is prebiotic and probiotic?

probiotics line the intestine and prebiotic reside in the gut (stomach acid difference) and have a heavy impact on mental health, etc.

What can compromise the immune system?

stress, health problems, unhealthy food and lifestyle

What is immunity?

ability of host to resist a particular disease or infection; ability to ward off disease

What is immunology?

science concerned with immune responses

What is susceptibility?

lack of resistance to a disease

What is innate immunity?

defenses against any pathogen; "nonspecific immunity"

What is adaptive immunity?

immunity, resistance to a specific pathogen

What are characteristics of innate (nonspecific) defense system?

responds quickly, offers resistance to any microbe or foreign substance, lacks immunological memory

The first and second line of defense is part of the ___.

innate (nonspecific) defense system

What is part of the first line of defense?

intact skin, mucous membranes and their secretions, and normal microbiota

What is part of the third line of defense?

natural killer cells and phagyocytic WBC, inflammation and fever, antimicrobial substances

What is the function of the second line of defense?

inhibit spread of invaders throughout the body, phagocytosis and inflammation key mechanisms

What is antagonism?

normal bacteria, that is on skin, keeps the body clean from new microbes and will "antagonize" them

What line of defense is antagonism present?

first line of defense

What line of defense is pathocytosis and inflammation present?

second line of defense

Adapative immunity (specific) has the ___ line of defense.

3rd

What is the third line of defense?

specialized lymphocytes (T and B cells) and antibodies

What cell is HIV's "target"?

T cells

What cell makes antibodies?

B cells

What are the two ways to get antibodies?

receieed by getting sick and producing B cells or getting vaccine with B cells

What is adaptive (specific) defense system?

aka acquired or induced immunity; has immunology memory, responds to a very particular foreign substance