Studied by 0 peopleProstaglandins
________= found in every tissue, hormone- like effect, lipid derived.
Chemotaxis
________- inflammatory chemicals attract neutrophils to the injury site.
Acute inflammation
________ is the immediate response of body to injury or cell death.
Inflammation
________ is its hallmark and most important mechanism (cause of swelling, heat, redness)
Physical activity
________ is needed to increase metabolic rate, heat production= This accomplished by shivering thermogenesis.
complement proteins
All ________ are in the inactive state until activation when the host is challenged by an invading microbe.
NK
________ cells: the absence of MHC class I molecules, specific types of antibodies, and.
Soluble proteins
________ or glycoproteins that are released by one cell population that act as intercellular mediators or signaling molecules.
Macrophages
________ and dendritic cells, become part of innate immune system and will respond to all antigens.
Phagocytosis
________ can be greatly increased by opsonization.
Skin bacteria
________ have a high salt toleration and dryness (mannitol salt agar !)
Hydrogen cyanide
________: Used in chemical weapons.
Salivation washes
________ microbes to stomach (pH 3- 5)
PAMPs
________ are unique to microbes, not present in host.
UTI
Bacteria can go up through urinary tract and cause ________, if not treated the bacteria can travel upwards.
maturation
After ________ and activation are called plasma cells and produce antibodies.
asthma allergic reactions
Play a role in ________ along with mast cells.
Vinyl chloride
________: Used to make pipes.
Tobacco
________ smoke contains a deadly mix of more than 7, 000chemicals.
Chemokines
________- signaling proteins /cytokines.
Toluene
________: Found in paint thinners.
"probiotic-up to 500 species", "prebiotic"
up to ¾ immune system reside in your gut
Immunity
Ability to ward off disease
Innate immunity
Defenses against any pathogen
Adaptive immunity
Immunity, resistance to a specific pathogen
Second line of defense
antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells
Specialized lymphocytes
T and B cells (T cells are HIVs target; B cells give antibodies)
Surface Barriers
Skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions make up the first line of defense
Largest organ (20 sqft), 10+/
pounds
Cellulitis
inflammation due to infection
Warts
viral infection cause excess skin growth
Herpes
HSV-1&HSV-2, periodic blisters around lips or genitals
Tinea
skin mycosis
Shingles
varicella zoster virus (linear DNA, lipid enveloped, herpes group)
Lysozyme in saliva and tears
function
*Antagonisms
competitive exclusion of normal microbiota (our bacteria)
Langerhans cell
NOT islet of Langerhans in pancreas
produces superoxide radicals
toxic
80% lung cancer
due to smoking, 13% survive 5+ years
Formaldehyde
Used to embalm dead bodies
Polonium 210
Radioactive and very toxic
Vinyl chloride
Used to make pipes
Lead
Once used in paint
Cadmium
Used to make batteries
Hydrogen cyanide
Used in chemical weapons
Butane
Used in lighter fluid
Toluene
Found in paint thinners
microaerophilic
likes less oxygen (strept throat test)
Gastritis, linked to duodenal and stomach cancer
stress was to blame before the discovery
1st infection
antibody test
2nd and after
Urea or stool test
Picture
blood has plasma and cells (red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells); centrifuge separates layers
Blood Plasma
approx. 55%
Platelets donation
not from mama
pregnant
may have antibody from baby
Plasma donation
no tuberculosis, malaria, sickle cell anemia, cancer etc
white blood cells (WBCs)
major role in the innate and specific responses
Hematopoesis
hematopoetic stem cell differentiation process (all blood components)
Dendritic Cells
Antigen-presenting cells (APC)
60% of WBC
majority
highly phagocytic
1st to go to site
idopathic
dont know what it is, may be genetic
need a signal (i.e antigen presenting cell
dendritic cell)
Cytotoxic T-cells
the specific antigens presented by their MHC class I molecule
NK cells
the absence of MHC class I molecules, specific types of antibodies, and
Secondary lymphoid tissue includes
lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, Peyers patches (intestine), spleen
*lectin
carbohydrate binding proteins
*PPI
Alzheimers, CJD, Cancer
Neutrophils
after digesting microbial fragments
cardinal signs
PRISH
Pain
release of chemicals such as histamine
chemokines
signaling proteins/cytokines
Margination
neutrophils cling to the walls of capillaries in the injured area
Chemotaxis
inflammatory chemicals attract neutrophils to the injury site
Example from your lab
Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, S. pyogenes (Gram+, β-hemolysis, catalase-), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
composed of > 30 serum proteins
mainly produced in liver (pro-proteins)
Feeling awful/miserable
treating the symptom, not the cause
What generally composes the immune system?
wide variety of cells, tissues, and organs
What is the function of the immune system?
recognizes foreign substances or microbes and acts to neutralize or destroy them
What is prebiotic and probiotic?
probiotics line the intestine and prebiotic reside in the gut (stomach acid difference) and have a heavy impact on mental health, etc.
What can compromise the immune system?
stress, health problems, unhealthy food and lifestyle
What is immunity?
ability of host to resist a particular disease or infection; ability to ward off disease
What is immunology?
science concerned with immune responses
What is susceptibility?
lack of resistance to a disease
What is innate immunity?
defenses against any pathogen; "nonspecific immunity"
What is adaptive immunity?
immunity, resistance to a specific pathogen
What are characteristics of innate (nonspecific) defense system?
responds quickly, offers resistance to any microbe or foreign substance, lacks immunological memory
The first and second line of defense is part of the ___.
innate (nonspecific) defense system
What is part of the first line of defense?
intact skin, mucous membranes and their secretions, and normal microbiota
What is part of the third line of defense?
natural killer cells and phagyocytic WBC, inflammation and fever, antimicrobial substances
What is the function of the second line of defense?
inhibit spread of invaders throughout the body, phagocytosis and inflammation key mechanisms
What is antagonism?
normal bacteria, that is on skin, keeps the body clean from new microbes and will "antagonize" them
What line of defense is antagonism present?
first line of defense
What line of defense is pathocytosis and inflammation present?
second line of defense
Adapative immunity (specific) has the ___ line of defense.
3rd
What is the third line of defense?
specialized lymphocytes (T and B cells) and antibodies
What cell is HIV's "target"?
T cells
What cell makes antibodies?
B cells
What are the two ways to get antibodies?
receieed by getting sick and producing B cells or getting vaccine with B cells
What is adaptive (specific) defense system?
aka acquired or induced immunity; has immunology memory, responds to a very particular foreign substance
Note 
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