WHAP UNIT 6.3 Indigenous Responses to State Expansion

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Causes for anti-imperial resistance?

  • Nationalism

  • Natives obtained European edu.

  • Natives sometimes worked in colonial gov.

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Balkans Peninsula

Serbian & Greek independence + French Revolution inspired overthrow of Ottomans

  • Treaty of Berlin: New states are Bosnia & Herzegovina (added to Austria-Hungary) + Romania + Montenegro + Bulgaria w/ Serbia & Russian help

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Native Americans

  1. Proclamation of 1763: Native land reserved from Appalachian Mts. → Mississippi River

  2. American Revolution: Ohio & Illinois Natives driven out

  3. Indian Removal Act: Cherokee reservation in Oklahoma

  • Cherokee Nation: Assimilated (colonial weaving, farming, language) but driven out b/c Georgian gold

  • Ghost Dance: Musical rituals to hasten revival of the dead to drive out whites (failed)

  • Tupác Amaru II: Incan ruler descendent who rejected Jesuit edu. & led revolts in Bolivia, Argentina, Peru executed

  • Benito Juarez: Liberal Zapotec president reinstated after overthrown by conservations & Napoleon III

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South Asia

  • British allegedly violated Hindu & Muslim sepoys by mixing pig & cow lard into gun cartridges

  • Indian Rebellion of 1867: Violent uprising crushed

    • Raj (British-Indian gov.) replaces EIC & exiles involved Mughal emperor

  • Indian National Congress: UK-educated Indians est. congress to air out grievances then fight for independence

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Southeast Asia

French colonization w/ Siam = only independent country

  • Vietnam: Consistently rebelled + Phan Dinh Phung

  • José Rizal: Execution for peaceful Liga Filipina (Spanish Filipino League) that promoted more Filipino autonomy

    • Philippine Revolution: Exiled revolutions fight alongside Filipinos against Spain

    • Spanish-American War: US defeats Spain & takes Philippines in Treaty of Paris

      • Philippine-American War: Failed

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Oceania

Aboriginal people driven off & made goods/services for settlers

  • Australia: Aboriginals killed b/c not recognized as subjects/landowners

  • Treaty of Waitangi: New Zealand Maori get property rights, but more settlers & pressure → Maori Wars result in coerced to sell land & UK troops take land

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Pan-Africanism

Western-educated African nationalism/socialism

  • Resistance late b/c colonized late + military rule/no mixed gov.

  1. Sokoto Caliphate: Nigeria ; Usman dan Fodio promoted Islamic purification & slave trade after banned by UK

  2. Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement: Native South Africans kill cattle & destroy crops so spirits can drive Brits out → famine & death

  3. Anglo-Zulu War: Absorb Zulu Kingdom into South Africa

  4. Samory Touré: Exiled after leading rebellion in Guinea + Ivory Coast

  5. Yaa Asantewaa War/War of the Golden Stool: Last war led by an African woman ; ends resistance

  6. Muhammad Ahmad: Mahdi meant to restore Islam’s glory in Sudan & Egypt → Infighting in UK Sudan