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Causes for anti-imperial resistance?
Nationalism
Natives obtained European edu.
Natives sometimes worked in colonial gov.
Balkans Peninsula
Serbian & Greek independence + French Revolution inspired overthrow of Ottomans
Treaty of Berlin: New states are Bosnia & Herzegovina (added to Austria-Hungary) + Romania + Montenegro + Bulgaria w/ Serbia & Russian help
Native Americans
Proclamation of 1763: Native land reserved from Appalachian Mts. → Mississippi River
American Revolution: Ohio & Illinois Natives driven out
Indian Removal Act: Cherokee reservation in Oklahoma
Cherokee Nation: Assimilated (colonial weaving, farming, language) but driven out b/c Georgian gold
Ghost Dance: Musical rituals to hasten revival of the dead to drive out whites (failed)
Tupác Amaru II: Incan ruler descendent who rejected Jesuit edu. & led revolts in Bolivia, Argentina, Peru executed
Benito Juarez: Liberal Zapotec president reinstated after overthrown by conservations & Napoleon III
South Asia
British allegedly violated Hindu & Muslim sepoys by mixing pig & cow lard into gun cartridges
Indian Rebellion of 1867: Violent uprising crushed
Raj (British-Indian gov.) replaces EIC & exiles involved Mughal emperor
Indian National Congress: UK-educated Indians est. congress to air out grievances then fight for independence
Southeast Asia
French colonization w/ Siam = only independent country
Vietnam: Consistently rebelled + Phan Dinh Phung
José Rizal: Execution for peaceful Liga Filipina (Spanish Filipino League) that promoted more Filipino autonomy
Philippine Revolution: Exiled revolutions fight alongside Filipinos against Spain
Spanish-American War: US defeats Spain & takes Philippines in Treaty of Paris
Philippine-American War: Failed
Oceania
Aboriginal people driven off & made goods/services for settlers
Australia: Aboriginals killed b/c not recognized as subjects/landowners
Treaty of Waitangi: New Zealand Maori get property rights, but more settlers & pressure → Maori Wars result in coerced to sell land & UK troops take land
Pan-Africanism
Western-educated African nationalism/socialism
Resistance late b/c colonized late + military rule/no mixed gov.
Sokoto Caliphate: Nigeria ; Usman dan Fodio promoted Islamic purification & slave trade after banned by UK
Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement: Native South Africans kill cattle & destroy crops so spirits can drive Brits out → famine & death
Anglo-Zulu War: Absorb Zulu Kingdom into South Africa
Samory Touré: Exiled after leading rebellion in Guinea + Ivory Coast
Yaa Asantewaa War/War of the Golden Stool: Last war led by an African woman ; ends resistance
Muhammad Ahmad: Mahdi meant to restore Islam’s glory in Sudan & Egypt → Infighting in UK Sudan