WHAP UNIT 6.3 Indigenous Responses to State Expansion

Causes for anti-imperial resistance?

• Nationalism

• Natives obtained European edu.

• Natives sometimes worked in colonial gov.

Balkans Peninsula

Serbian & Greek independence + French Revolution inspired overthrow of Ottomans

• Treaty of Berlin: New states are Bosnia & Herzegovina (added to Austria-Hungary) + Romania + Montenegro + Bulgaria w/ Serbia & Russian help

Native Americans

1. Proclamation of 1763: Native land reserved from Appalachian Mts. → Mississippi River

2. American Revolution: Ohio & Illinois Natives driven out

3. Indian Removal Act: Cherokee reservation in Oklahoma

   1. Cherokee Nation: Assimilated (colonial weaving, farming, language) but driven out b/c Georgian gold

4. Ghost Dance: Musical rituals to hasten revival of the dead to drive out whites (failed)

5. Tupác Amaru II: Incan ruler descendent who rejected Jesuit edu. & led revolts in Bolivia, Argentina, Peru executed

6. Benito Juarez: Liberal Zapotec president reinstated after overthrown by conservatives & Napoleon III

South Asia

• British allegedly violated Hindu & Muslim sepoys by mixing pig & cow lard into gun cartridges

• Indian Rebellion of 1857: Violent uprising crushed

  • Raj (British-Indian gov.) replaces EIC & exiles involved Mughal emperor

• Indian National Congress: UK-educated Indians est. congress to air out grievances then fight for independence

Southeast Asia

French colonization w/ Siam = only independent country

• Vietnam: Consistently rebelled + Phan Dinh Phung

• José Rizal: Execution for peaceful Liga Filipina (Spanish Filipino League) that promoted more Filipino autonomy

  • Philippine Revolution: Exiled revolutions fight alongside Filipinos against Spain

  • Spanish-American War: US defeats Spain & takes Philippines in Treaty of Paris

    • Philippine-American War: Failed

Oceania

Aboriginal people driven off & made goods/services for settlers

• Australia: Aboriginals killed b/c not recognized as subjects/landowners

• Treaty of Waitangi: New Zealand Maori get property rights, but more settlers & pressure → Maori Wars result in coerced to sell land & UK troops take land

Pan-Africanism

Western-educated African nationalism/socialism

• Resistance late b/c colonized late + military rule/no mixed gov.

1. Sokoto Caliphate: Nigeria ; Usman dan Fodio promoted Islamic purification & slave trade after banned by UK

2. Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement: Native South Africans kill cattle & destroy crops so spirits can drive Brits out → famine & death

3. Anglo-Zulu War: Absorb Zulu Kingdom into South Africa

4. Samory Touré: Exiled after leading rebellion in Guinea + Ivory Coast

5. Yaa Asantewaa War/War of the Golden Stool: Last war led by an African woman ; ends resistance

6. Muhammad Ahmad: Mahdi meant to restore Islam’s glory in Sudan & Egypt → Infighting in UK Sudan