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Psychological Disorders
Dysfunctional or maladaptive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
Distress
Emotional or psychological pain that often accompanies psychological disorders.
Interference
When a disorder disrupts work or leisure activities.
Medical Model
Approaches psychological disorders as diseases that can be treated with medicine and hospital stays.
Biopsychosocial Approach
States that behaviors, thoughts, and feelings are formed through biological, social, and psychological factors.
Stress Vulnerability Model
Individual characteristics and environmental stressors increase or decrease the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder.
Classification
Used to order and describe symptoms and suggest appropriate treatment for psychological disorders.
DSM-5
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, used by US physicians and mental health workers for diagnosis and treatment.
Critics of DSM-5
Argue that it is too broad and may lead to overdiagnosis, particularly in children.
Critics of Classification
Believe that diagnostic labels are subjective and may lead to viewing individuals differently.
Violence and Disorders
Disorders do not increase the risk of violence; individuals with disorders are more likely to be victims of violence.
Predictors of Violence
Use of alcohol/drugs, previous violence, and gun availability are better predictors of violence than psychological disorders.
Poverty
Poverty is a predictor of mental disorders across all ethnic and gender lines.
Onset of Disorders
By age 24, 75% of people experience their first symptoms of psychological disorders.
Antisocial Personality
Appears around age 8.
Phobias
Appear around age 10.
Alcohol use, OCD, Bipolar, and Schizophrenia
Appear around age 20.
Major Depressive Disorder
Appears around age 25.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Marked by excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for six months or more; can lead to high blood pressure.
Panic Disorder
Characterized by recurrent irregular heartbeat, chest pains, shortness of breath, choking, trembling, dizziness; can lead to agoraphobia.
Phobias
Irrational fear and avoidance of objects, activities, or situations.
OCD
Obsessive and repetitive unwanted thoughts that seem they will never go away; behaviors are often a response to those thoughts.
PTSD
Occurs after traumatic events and is characterized by recurring haunting memories/nightmares, laser-focused attention to possible threats, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and trouble sleeping.
Conditioning, Cognition, and Biology
Influence disorders, OCD, and PTSD.
Major Depressive Disorder
At least 5 signs of depression lasting 2+ weeks, with one of them being depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure.
Signs of Depressive Disorders
Depressed mood, reduced interest or enjoyment in activities, challenges regulating appetite and weight, challenges sleeping, physical agitation or lethargy, low energy, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, problems thinking/concentrating/making decisions, thoughts of death and suicide.
Bipolar Disorder
Characterized by bouncing back from one emotional extreme to another.
Self-Termination of Depressive Episodes
Most major depressive episodes self-terminate.
Genetic Influences
Depression and bipolar disorder can run in families.
Neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine and serotonin are scarce during depressive episodes.
Mediterranean Diet
A heavy Mediterranean diet can improve physical and emotional health.
Rumination
Compulsive fretting or overthinking problems.
Explanatory Style
Has a big impact on depression.
Suicide
Over 800,000 people choose to end their lives.
Self-Injury
Can include cuts, burns, hitting oneself, inserting objects under nails/skin, self-administering tattoos.
Self-Harm
Tends to be associated with life stress, low emotional tolerance, and regulation, and can lead to suicide.
Psychotic Disorders
Marked by irrational ideas, distorted perception, and loss of connection with reality.
Positive Schizophrenia
Experiencing hallucinations, disorganized and deluded speech, and exhibiting inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage.
Negative Schizophrenia
Absence of emotion in voice, expression, or unmoving (mute/rigid body).
Onset of Schizophrenia
Usually strikes younger people maturing into adulthood.
Chronic Schizophrenia
Low recovery rates, appears by early adulthood, and progresses with aging.
Acute Schizophrenia
Higher recovery rate, can respond to drug therapy.
Brain Abnormalities
Increased dopamine during episodes, low frontal lobe activity, overactive amygdala, and core region of the brain active during hallucinations.
Prenatal
