Clinical Psychology- Kyra Crowder

Psychological Disorders are dysfunctional or maladaptive thoughts, emotions, behaviors

distress often accompanies psychological disorders

signs of a disorder occur when it interferes with work or leisure

Different Approaches to disorders include the medical model, biopsychosocial approach, and stress vulnerability model

the medical model approaches it as a disease that can be treated/cured with medicine and/or hospital stays

the biopsychosocial approach states that our behaviors, thoughts, or feelings are formed through biological, social, and psychological factors

the Stress Vulnerability Model that individual characteristics and environmental stressors increase/decrease developing a psych disorder

classification is used to help order and describe symptoms and suggest appropriate treatment

DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition) is used by US physicians and mental health workers to guide medical diagnosis and treatment

critics of the DSM-5 are that it is too wide (children could be diagnosed w/ ADHD when its normal childhood behavior)

critics of classification says that diagnostic labels are subjective and lead to viewing the person differently

Disorders do not increase risk of violence due to disorder

people with disorders are more likely to be victims of violence

use of alcohol/drugs, previous violence, ang gun avalivlity are much better predictors of violence

poverty is a predicor of mental disorders across all ethnic and gender lines

by 24, 75% of people experience their first symptoms of disorders

antisocial personality appears around 8

phobias appear around 10

Alcohol use, OCd, bipolar, and schizophrenia appear around 20

Major Depressive disorder appears around 25

Generalized Anxiety Disorder is marked by excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for six months or more; can lead to high blood pressure

Panic disorder is characterized with recurrent irregular heartbeat, chest pains, shortness of breath, choking, trembling, dizziness; can lead people to develop agoraphobia

phobias=irrational fear and avoidance of objects, activity, or situations

OCD= obsessive and repetitive unwanted thoughts that seem they will never go away; behaviors are often response to those thoughts

PTSD occurs after traumatic events and is characterized by recurring hanging memories/nightmares, laser-focused attention to possible threats, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and trouble sleeping

5-10% develop PTSD after a traumatic event

Conditioning, cognition, and biology can influence disorders, ODC, and PTSD

Major depressive Disorder occurs when there are at least 5 signs of depression lasting 2+ weeks with one of them being depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure

9 signs of depressive disorders include depressed mood most of time, dramatically reduced interest or enjoyment in most activity most of the time, significant challenge regualting appetite and weight, significant challenges sleeping, physical agistaiton or lethargy, feeling listless ow with much less energy, feeling worthless or unwarranted guilt, problems thinking/concentrating/making decisions, and thinking repeatedly of death and suicide

Dipolar Disorder is characterized by bouncing back from one emotional extreme to another

most major depressive episodes self-terminate

there are genetic influences for Depression and bipolar disorder meaning it could run in families

norepinephrine and serotonin are scarce during depressive episodes

heavy Mediterranean diet can improve physical and emotional health

rumination= compulsive fretting/ overthinking problems

explanatory style has a big impact on depression

over 800,000 will choose to end their lives

self-injury can be cuts, burns, hitting themselves, inserting objects under nails/skin, self-administering tattoos

those who self-harm tend to be experiencing life stress, less tolerate and regulating emotion, and does lead to suicide

psychotic disorders are marked by irrational idea, distorted perception, and loss of connection with reality

positive schizophrenia means one may experience hallucinations, talk in disorganized and deluded ways, and exhibit inappropriate laugher, tear, or rage

negative schizophrenia is the absence of emotion in their voice, expression, or unmoving (mute/rigid body)

Schizophrenia usually strikes as younger people maturing into adulthood

chronic schizophrenia have low recovery rates and appear by early adulthood and progressed length in episode with aging

acute schizophrenia has higher recovery rate and ca respond to drug therapy

Brain abnormalities of schizophrenia include increased dopamine during episode, low frontal lobe brain activity, very active in core region of brain when hallucinating, and overactive amygdala

there are prenatal risks for schizophrenia

genetic factors include family (sibling/parent= 1/10 chance and 1-2 if a twin has it)

there are no environmental triggers to getting schizophrenia

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)= multiple personality disorder

No country other than US diagnoses DID

Antisocial personally disorder usually occurs in males with symptoms by age 8

people is Antisocial personality disorder tend to lack conscious, low emotional intelligence, low levels of adrenaline in non stressful events, family instability, poverty, childhood abuse, and can be called sociopaths or psychopaths

eating disorders are not signs of childhood sexual abuse like speculated, are usually from high achieving and competitive families, low self-evaluations

Freud’s therapeutic technique was to relieve repressed feelings

Psychodynamic therapy focuses on helping people with emphasis on relationships

Humanistic therapists give patients insight and help patients