BIO102 Queen's Exam

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

mitochondrial matrix

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

mitochondrial matrix

What comes out of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

What goes into pyruvate oxidation?

2 pyruvate

What goes into the citric acid cycle?

2 Acetyl CoA

Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle

enzyme used in pyruvate oxidation (PDH) is regulated and the citric acid cycle can only run if it receives products from the enzymatic reaction

substrate-level phosphorylation

The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.

- used in glycolysis and citric acid cycle

During cellular respiration, H+ are pumped from the _________________ into the _________________.

mitochondrial matrix, inter membrane space

Water is created during cellular respiration when O2 takes receives electrons and takes H+ from the ________________

matrix

ATP synthase

-uses the proton gradient to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation

primary metabolism

essential for cell structure and function

secondary metabolism

synthesis of secondary metabolites that are not necessary for cell structure and growth

lumen

inner space of thylakoid

Stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

what pigment is found in photosystem II?

P680

What reduces photosystem II?

water molecule, water molecule leaves H+ in the lumen

how is oxygen produced during photosynthesis?

Water molecule splits and donates electrons to photosystem II, only leaving O2 behind

What pigment is found in photosystem I?

P700

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

inner membrane of mitochondria

What goes into glycolysis?

Glucose and 2 ATP

How is glycolysis regulated?

feedback inhibition with PFK enzyme and ATP or citrate

What comes out of pyruvate oxidation?

2 acetyl-CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2

what comes out of the citric acid cycle?

4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

what does the acetyl attach to in the citric acid cycle?

oxaloacetate

citrate

forms after acetyl attaches to oxaloacetate

what molecule is regenerated during citric acid cycle?

oxaloacetate

What reduces photosystem I?

PC transfers electron from PSII to PSI to neutralize it

The H+ are pumped from the ___________________ to the _____________________.

stroma, lumen

What the the purpose of cyclic electron transport?

to produce more ATP, when more ATP is needed that NADPH

____________________ and _____________________ goes into the light reaction and ____________________, _________________, and _________________ come out.

energy, H2O, O2, ATP, NADPH

What are the three phases of the calvin cycle?

1. carbon fixation

2. reduction

3. regeneration

What enzyme is used in the first step of the calvin cycle?

rubisco

At the end of the reduction phase of the calvin cycle, what molecule is produce?

G3P

What goes into the Calvin Cycle?

3CO2, 9 ATP, NADPH

What comes out of the calvin cycle?

G3P, and RuBP is regenerated

C4 plants

light dependent reaction occurs in a different cell than the calvin cycle

What cell does the light dependent reaction occur in?

mesophyll cell

what enzyme binds with CO2 in C4 plants?

PEP carboxylase

malate

4 carbon compound used in C4 plants to ferry CO2 to bundle-sheath cells and used in CAM plants to hold onto the CO2 until it is night time and time for the calvin cycle

what cells does the calvin cycle occur in in C4 plants?

bundle sheath cells

CAM plants

light reaction and calvin cell occur at different times

When does the the calvin cycle occur in CAM plants?

night

What are the steps in a signal transduction pathway

1. receptor activation

2. signal transduction

3. cellular response

4. termination of cellular response

G-protein coupled receptors

7 transmembrane alpha helixes that are attached to a G protein with a GDP (inactive)

_ ligand attaches to G protein

- GDP becomes GTP (G protein now active)

- G protein moves away and passes along the signal to next molecule

How are GPCRs turned off?

- GTP is hydrolisized into GDP

- [ligand] drops

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)

membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosine

ligand-gated ion channel

ligand binds to the receptor which allows the ion channel to open and allow ions to flow through

what is the function of a second messenger?

transfer and amplify signals from receptors

second messenger

A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signal received by a signal receptor protein.

cAMP

activates protein kinase A

Ca+ and IP3

examples of second messengers

Transcription factors and signal transduction pathways

final molecule can be a transcription factor which will regulate the expression of a gene

semiconservative replication

Method of DNA replication in which parental strands separate, act as templates, and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA strand and one new DNA strand

Helicase

enzyme that unwinds DNA strand

Topisomerase

enzyme that prevents tension caused by unwinding

Which direction does DNA pol III build?

5'-3'

Which template strand is the leading strand complimentary to?

5'-3' template

Which template strand is the lagging strand complimentary to?

3'-5' template

DNA ligase

enzyme that attaches DNA fragments together

Telomeres

Repeated DNA sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.

Telomerase

An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres

Transcription

DNA into RNA

introns

non coding part that is removed

exons

coding region that remains

template strand

anti Sense strand

RNA pol reads this

- complimentary to mRNA

sense strand

strand that is identical to the mRNA except for the U and T switch

silent mutation

A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.

missense mutation

A base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.

nonsense mutation

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.

insertion/deletion mutation

addition or deletion of base pairs in DNA

frameshift mutation

mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

primary transcript

The initial mRNA transcript that is transcribed from a protein coding gene.

pre mRA

the primary transcript with a 5' cap and a polyA tail

mature mRNA

pre-mRNA with the introns removed

initiation factors

A class of proteins that assist ribosomes in binding to a messenger RNA molecule to begin translation.

elongation factors

Proteins involved in the elongation phase of translation, assisting ribosomes in the synthesis of the growing peptide chain.

What happens when a protein is to be sent to the mitochondria or chloroplast?

chaperones keep the protein unfolded

contranslational sorting

- protein synthesis starts

- first few amino acids have a signal saying that it should be sent to the endomembrane system

- translation is paused, the ribosome is brought to rough ER membrane

- translation continues and the amino acid is synthesized through a pore in the membrane

what is loading dye used for in electrophoresis?

- makes the sample denser than the gel

- makes the sample visible when loading

Prophase

- chromatin condenses

- microtubules start to form

Prometaphase

- nuclear membrane fragments

- microtubules attache to the centromeres

metaphase

- microtubules move chromosomes to the centre

Anaphase

- sister chromatids pull apart

Telophase

- nuclear membrane starts to form

- cytokinesis begins

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm

- two new daughter cells

What is used during cytokinesis to create the cleavage furrow

actin

Dyenin

Molecular motor protein that move in the negative direction

Kinesin

motor proteins that move in the positive direction

Cyclin

a protein that binds to another protein called CDK and becomes MPF which triggers mitosis

CDK

cyclin dependent kinase

- binds with cyclin to produces MPF

MPF

triggers mitosis

Autosomes

non-sex chromosomes

sex chromosomes

Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual

what is another name for meiosis I?

reduction division

After meiosis I the cell is _________________ (Haploid or diploid).

diploid

Meiosis I produces __________ __________________ cells.

2 diploid

meiosis II produces ___________ ___________________ cells.

4 haploid

what is another name for meiosis II?

equatorial division

when does crossing over occur?

prophase I