OED EXAM

Risk

The potential to gain or lose something of value, e.g. life, health, equipment,

Causal factor

something that causes/contributes to the risk

risk management strategy

a strategy to minimise the risk of an activity

4 risks for canoeing

1. Falling out of canoe

2. Hit by branch

3. Flipping the canoe

4. Colliding with another canoe

causal factor - people risk 1-4 canoeing & risk management

Falling out of canoe

• Hit by branch

• Flipping the canoe

• Colliding with another canoe

1. Little canoe experience - having ample practice

2. not communicating between members in canoe - keeping communication in the canoe

3. little canoe experience - having ample practice

4. no communication between canoes - keeping communication between the canoes

causal factor - equipment risk 1-4 canoeing & risk management

• 
  Falling out of canoe

• Hit by branch

• Flipping the canoe

• Colliding with another canoe

1. Too small of a canoe - having the correct canoe for the people

2. wrong size paddle - making sure they have the correct paddle for them

3. too heavy bags - packing bags correctly

4. wrong size paddle - making sure they have the correct paddle for them

causal factor - environment risk 1-4 canoeing & risk management

• 
  Falling out of canoe

• Hit by branch

• Flipping the canoe

• Colliding with another canoe

1. Increased water level/flow - monitoring weather and making decisions

2. fallen trees due to storms - avoiding densely foliaged areas

3. increased water level/flow - monitoring weather and making decisions

4. increased water level/flow - monitoring weather and making decisions

What is PPE

Equipment that is used to minimise the risk in an activity

Canoeing PPE and why

PFD- keeps you afloat

Helmet-keeps head safe from knocks.

thermal/rashie - to keep warm

spray jacket- to keep wind off and dry

shoes - protects feet during launch and landing

hat - sun off face

3 phases of a canoe stroke

1.Catch- blade is first inserted into the water, power has not been applied

2.Propulsion- working part of the stroke

3.Recovery- blade exists the water and is moved to catch position of next stroke

How to hold the canoe paddle (proper terminology)

Grip: hand always over top of the ‘T’ grip

featuress of a forward stroke in each of the 3 phasses

•Paddlers paddle on opposite sides and do not change

1 •Reach forward with both arms straight

2 •Place entire paddle blade VERTICALLY in the water and pull back with straight arms, only bend the arms at end of stroke

3 •Stroke ends at paddlers hips. Return paddle to starting position, keep it close to the canoe

features of a reverse/backwards stroke in each of the 3 phases

1. reach back with arms straight

2. Place entire paddle blade VERTICALLY in the water and push forward with straight arms,

3. stroke ends infront of paddler, Return paddle to starting position, keep it close to the canoe

featuress of a sweep stroke in each of the 3 phasses

•Will turn the boat away from the paddle side

•This will counteract if both forward sweep, so use individually or one forward sweep whilst other reverse sweeps

•Paddle kept horizontal, using the drive side of the blade sweep the paddle around in a wide arc

•Blade kept shallow, top edge just breaks the water

How to perform an emergency stop canoeing

place paddle in water and push forward continuosly in sharp powerful movements until stopped

8 parts of canoe

1. gunwhales

2. keel

3. bow

4. deck

5. front seat

6. thwart

7. back seat

8. stern

1 whistle canoeing

attention

2 whistles canoeing

attention and come to me

3 whistles canoeing

emergency

stop -danger

all clear

all clear in direction of pointing

okay

5 H safety check and explanation

1. Helmet - secure helmet properly, adjusted, hair properly secured

2. harness - positioned correctly, buckles secured

3. Hardware - rope is correctly through (smily face), karabiner is locked, rope not twisted

4. Hands - gloves either fitted or ready for use

5. Hooves- ensure suitable footwear

4 risks for abseiling

falling

hit in head by rocks

rope burn

equipment/person caught in rope

causal factor - equipment risk 1-4 abseiling & risk management

falling

hit in head by rocks

rope burn

equipment/person caught in rope

1. having broken equipment- making sure equipment is functioning and safe

2. wrong size helmet - having correct size helmet

3. not wearing gloves - make sure wearing glove

4. straps too long on harness - correct size harness or tidy

causal factor - people risk 1-4 abseiling & risk management

falling

hit in head by rocks

rope burn

equipment/person caught in rope

1. brake person not ready to stop fall - communicating between abseiler and braker

2. not adjusting hemet - making sure helmet fits and is adjusted

3. forgetting to put gloves on - checking eachother for gloves

4. not tying hair back - making sure hair is tied back

causal factor - environment risk 1-4 abseiling & risk management

falling

hit in head by rocks

rope burn

equipment/person caught in rope

1. Slippery surface due to rain - avoiding wet surfaces and checking weather

2. rainfall moving rocks - avodiing rainy days and checking weather

3. wet ropes causing slipping of equipment, and burning hands

4. wind blowing hair/tags around - securing all lose partss properly

Describe the construction of an abseiling rope

The mantle is the outer braided sheath, the kern is the inner core, they are not connected

Explain what makes an abseiling rope so durable

the tight cover keeping the kern in good condition

what rope for climbing

dynamic

what rope for absiling

static

static rope characteristics

High strength

low stretch

less malleable

low shock absoprtion

dynamic rope characteristics

lower strength

higher stretch

easy to handle

high shock absorption

   Your friend is abseiling for the first time. Detail how you would explain to this student the steps and good technique for safe abseiling.

perform the 5 H safety check, and once clipped onto rope, slowly wiggle feet back and lean back into the harness, with front hand through the karabiner and back hand behind you, sitting into the harness, and slowly take small steps.

1)         Identify the PPE required for abseiling and explain why (list as many as you can).

Helmet- to prevent damage from falling rocks

shoes- to protect feet

gloves - to protect hands

harness - to keep on rope

1)         Identify the different calls used when abseiling and explain what they mean.

rope below - a warming below to indicate a rope is being thrown over an edge

Below- indicates tha an object has been dislodged and is falling

Descending line _ - abseiler is rigged ready to abseil but before proceeding over edge

brake ready line _ - bottom brake is ready for abseiler to descend

brake off - abseiler ready to continue abseiling after slip/ fall

    Describe the correct technique used when bottom breaking. Use any cue words that you have been taught.

hold rope above shoulders without gloves, watching for the abseiler to fall, if they do, then pull and hold the rope sharply down until they stop. If they say below than tuck into edge or back off the wall, when you are ready, say ready line 1, whem they want the brake off, they will say brake off, and oyu put the brake off.

5 qualitiess of a good knot

1. relatively easy to tie

2. easy to determine whether or not the knot is tied correctly

3. once tied, remains tied

4. it has minimal effect on rope strength

5. It is relatively easy to untie after loading

1)         Identify the various ways to care and maintain rope (including storage).

Remove knots from rope

clean or wash rope if dirty

col, hand or stuff in rope bag,

store rope off ground in hook or on shelf

store in a cool dry area away from sunlight

store away from oils and chemicals

name and use

bowline - non slip loop

name and use

round turn two half hitches - fastens to bar or post

name and use

clove hitch- temporary around round knot

name and use

prussik knot - allow a rope to be climbed

name and use

figure 8 on the bight - creating a loop in the rope

name and use

alpine butterly - creating a loop int he middle of the rope

name and use

figure 8 follow through - a loop around an object

name and use

double fishermans - tying two ropes together

1)    Describe how to flake and hank a rope.

to flake - pull the rope through your hand feeling for issues and wear, then hold in hand, grab with other hand and pull outstetched, and pass over head, then bring arms together and repeat. talke ropes off and tie wraps and finish

1)    Outline the purpose of both flaking and hanking a rope.

flaking - to check for wear and issues

hanking - to have the rope in a neat, tidy way

1)         Outline the features on a topographic map using the BOLTSS acronym

Border

Orientation

Legend

Titile

Scale

source

1)         Outline what a contour line is and describe what it represents on a map

a contour is a line that shows the elevation, and represents increase/decreases in elevation

1)         Explain how to use the two different scale systems on a map (representative and linear)

representative- expressed as a factor e.g.1:50 000

linear - a line showing the distance

Convert the scale 1:75,000 in to metres

750m

Convert the scale 1:25,000 in to metres

250m

Convert the scale 1:50,000 in to metres

500m

Outline the 6 point grid reference system used to pinpoint features on a map.

outlines the location on a map, each box is numbered.

Label going clockwise

1. ruler

2. direction of travel arrow

3. magnetic needle

4. orienting lines

5. compass housing with degree dial

6. orienting arrow

7. index line

1)         Outline an easy to follow, step by step guide for taking a grid bearing from a map

place the compass along the path of travel, with the direction of travel arrow pointing the way that you want to go, line the orienting lines with the grid lines on the map, and read the bearing

LNT principle 1 give a specific example for canoeing, abseiling and whilst on an expedition

Plan ahead and prepare 

Canoeing: -packing bags watertight

Abseiling: - preparing equipment

Expedition food preparation and packing bags

LNT principle 2 give a specific example for canoeing, abseiling and whilst on an expedition

Travel and camp on durable services 

Canoeing: not going through grasses

Abseiling: - picking solid and uninhabited surfaces to abseil

Expedition - walking separatly, pitching camp in desired area

LNT principle 3 give a specific example for canoeing, abseiling and whilst on an expedition

Dispose of waste properly 

Canoeing: your rubbish you take out with you

Abseiling: rubbish and equipment is taken out

Expedition rubbissh and equipment is taken out and disposed of properly

LNT principle 4 give a specific example for canoeing, abseiling and whilst on an expedition

Leave what you find 

Canoeing: not taking anything that you find with you

Abseiling: not taking anything that you find with you

Expedition not taking anything that you find with you

LNT principle 5 give a specific example for canoeing, abseiling and whilst on an expedition

minimise impact of fire

Canoeing: n/a

Abseiling: n/a

Expedition burying, making sure fire is completely out, in designated pit

LNT principle 6 give a specific example for canoeing, abseiling and whilst on an expedition

Respect wildlife

Canoeing: Staying quiet and not disturbing animals

Abseiling: minimising impact of equipment on wildlife.

Expedition being quiet and not feeding

LNT principle 7 give a specific example for canoeing, abseiling and whilst on an expedition

Be considerate of your hosts and other visitors 

Canoeing: Letting other visitors go before you and staying out of their way

Abseiling: Letting them go first and do what they want,

Expedition:

Moving off the path whilst they are walking

    Define

Weather

• Is the day-to-day state of the atmosphere, and its short term variation in minutes to weeks 

• People generally think of weather as a combination of temp, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, visibility, and wind 

• Weather can change within a few minutes or hours 

1)         Define

Climate

 

• Is the weather of a place averaged over a period of time, often 30 years. 

• Climate information includes the statistical weather information that tells is about the normal weather, as well as the range of weather extremes for a location 

• Climate takes a very long time to change 

What type of map is this

synoptic chart

Define air pressure, including the unit or measurement.

It is the force exerted on a surface by the air above it as gravity pulls it to Earth. - hectopascals

1)         Define isobar:

•Isobars join areas of equal pressure. Therefore, isobars can also indicate wind strength

1)         Outline what isobars that are close together indicate about the wind

stronger winds

1)         Outline what isobars that are further apart together indicate about the wind

lighter winds

Describe the features/weather that is associated with the weather code 

low pressure system

•Indicates an air mass of low pressure

•In an area of LOW air pressure the air rises and cools producing rain

•Low air pressure system = below 1013hPa (hectopascal)

•In the Southern Hemisphere winds travel in a clockwise direction and inwards

Describe the features/weather that is associated with the weather code 

warm front

Describe the features/weather that is associated with the weather code 

high pressure system

•Indicates an air mass of high pressure

•In an area of HIGH air pressure the air descends and warms up, becomes more stable and clear

•High air pressure system= above 1013hPa

Winds travel in an anticlockwise direction and outwards

Describe the features/weather that is associated with the weather code 

cold front

Identify the most important person in an emergency:

yourself

2 minor canoeing injuries and treatment

pinched finger - ice

blisters on hands - apply cream if neccasary

2 major canoeing injuries and treatment

cracked head open on canoe - stop bleeding, clean area, rest, cover area , get help

unconscious in water - CPR and defib if neccesary

2 minor abseiling injuries and treatment

hair pulled out after stuck - pain relief if neccesary

rope burn - antiobiotic cream and cover

2 major abseiling injuries and treatment

rock landed to head - stop bleeding, clean area, rest , get help

broken arm - sling, ice, rest

2 minor cooking injuries and treatment

minor burn- cool water submerged

small knife cut - clean the cut, and bandaid

2 major cooking injuries and treatment

major oil burns - cool water, bandage

large knife cut - stop bleeding, clean area, apply bandage

How should the OED class be managed in an emergency

They should be kept calm, and supervised, communicating

3 types of leadership

Autocratic Democratic Laissez-faire (abdocratic)

Autocratic leadership description and example in OED context working well

Authoritarian approach, leader has complete power.

Decisions made without consultation

works well when immediate decision must be made, the quality of the decision is more important than its acceptance, an where the decision would not change with input.

e.g. kieran telling us our line when canoeing on the rapids- telling us exactly what to do without consulation

Democratic leadership description and example in OED context working well

-shared decision making with leader and members

Leadership by consultation

Leader offers help when asked, provides alternatives, allows team members to make choices

e.g. giving checkpoints by leader for the team to get to

Laissez-faire (abdocratic) leadership description and example in OED context working well

Leader in minimal role,

group makes decision

group learns from mistakes

works well without time restraints

e.g. at camp deciding what to do

what is the aim of an expedition planner

to identify the objectives - to properly prepare for what will happen and organise things

Outline the aspects of an expedition planner

Research

Expedition brief

Participant information

Goals

Schedule

Leadership

Route

Emergency considerations

LNT

Equipment

menu planning

What factors should you consider when selecting clothing for an expedition

The temperature , climate, season, weather, rainfall, wind, activities that you are doing, where you are

outline the menu planning principles

1. Nutrious

2. Lightweight

3. small

4. non-perishable

5. easy prepared

6. tasty

Outline the purpose of an expedition journal and when it should be completed by the participant.

• to write anything that you need

• completed during/before /after

SMART GOALS - with examples

S - Specific - What is it

M - Measurable - How do you measure it

A- Attainable - Is it attainable

R - relevant It is relevant to you

T -Time - when is it happening

e.g. I want to run a marathon (specific) (measurable), and i have already run a half marathon (attainable), and i want to improve my fitness (relevant ) by the end of the year.

purpose of a debrief

to communicate peoples thoughts and feelings towards what happened, what they learnt

a suitable time and setting for a debrief to occur

e.g. when everyone is together and not stressed to do things, such as when cooking or around fire

3 stages of a debrief

reaction/description, analysis/understanding, and application/summary,

label

A	STRONGEST CURRENT
B	PILLOW
C	UPSTREAM V
D	RIVER RIGHT
E	STRAINER
F	EDDY
G	DOWNSTREAM V
H	UPRIVER
I	EDDY FENCE
J	SHALLOW & SLOW
K	DOWNRIVER
L	RIVER LEFT
M	SHORELINE EDDY
N	HYDRAULIC

10 steps bag packing

1. Lay out all your gear on the ground before you start.

2. Sort your gear into the four categories:
Big & Bulky, Hard & Heavy, Light & Handy, Small & Fiddly.

3. Loosen all straps and draw-cords on your pack.

4. If expecting ‘wet’ conditions, use a pack-liner like a large, heavy-duty garbage bag.  Double-bag important items.

5. Put bulky gear into 2-3 smaller bags rather than one huge bag; e.g. clothes, food.  It is easier to manipulate within your pack.

6.  Start packing with Big & Bulky, finish with Small & Fiddly

7.   Fill all air spaces with smaller squashable items, e.g. socks, sarong

8.  Use your fist to jam gear in tight, don’t be scared to use some force.  Be careful not to catch fingers in zips and stitching.

9.  Pad or protect hard and lumpy items next to your back.

10.   Try to keep all gear inside your pack. (It’s better balanced, easier to negotiate narrow paths and there is less risk of losing stuff).