Studied by 6 peopleAncestral Pueblo culture
________ developed around the year 900 in the area that is now referred to as the Four Corners region.
Martin Luther
Theologians ________ and John Calvin both led breaks with the Roman Catholic Church over church practices and beliefs.
Pure Blood
________: As Europeans solidified their control over the New World and brought more American Indians and Africans under their control, a set of racist ideas developed to justify the continued subjugation of nonwhite people.
Spain
________ participated in the international slave trad to import enslaved Africans to the New World in order to labor in plantation agriculture and mining.
Technological Advances
________ and a Revolution in Navigation: A series of developments in maritime technology encouraged exploration and transformed the global economy.
Black Death
The ________ also played an important role in undermining the stability of the feudal system.
sturdy ships
Portulanos, detailed maps, also helped navigators find their way around the world, many sailing on Portugals maneuverable and ________ called caravels.
plot direction
The compass, the astrolabe, the quadrant, and the hourglass all aided navigation, helping sailors ________, determine speed, and assess latitude.
Holy Land
The wars, with the goal of securing Christian control of the "________, "occurred primarily in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
Utah
Four Corners: A region of the Southwest where ________, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico meet.
Juan de Oñate
________: In the western reaches of Spains New World empire, a violent confrontation occurred with the Pueblo people in what is now New Mexico.
Desert culture
________ "was characterized by seasonable mobility, as hunters and foragers searched for food throughout the year.
Protestant Reformation
The ________: The most important religious movement during the sixteenth century was the ________.
Encomienda
________: In Spains ________ system, the initial Spanish settlers were granted tracts of land and the right to extract labor from local inhabitants.
St Lawrence River
The Algonquian Peoples: The Algonquian language group included hundreds of American Indian tribes along the east coast of the present- day United States and in the interior of the continent, around the ________ and the Great Lakes.
Old World
Smallpox: The peoples of the New World, having evolved and adapted separately from the peoples of the ________, had no immunities to many of the germs and infectious diseases that foreign explorers and settlers inadvertently brought with them.
Santa María
The Niña, the Pinta, and the ________: Columbuss three ships, the Niña, the Pinta, and the ________, set sail in 1492 and, six weeks later, reached a Caribbean island that he named San Salvador.
Juanillos Revolt
________: As missionaries tried to bring Guale Indians into the mission system, a revolt, known as ________, occurred in 1597, resulting in the deaths of several missionaries.
Chinook People
The ________: In the Pacific Northwest, the ________ lived along the Columbia River in present- day Washington and Oregon.
Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda
________: Sepúlveda defended the treatment that the Spaniards meted out to the native peoples of the Americas.
casta system
The ________ included peninsulares (born in Spain) and creoles (those born in the New World of Spanish parents) at the top of the social structure.
Spain
________ and the African Slave Trade: Soon after European settlement in the Americas, a system of outright slavery developed.
Desert Culture
: "Historians and archeologists refer to a " "that was common among most of the pre- contact American Indian tribes of the Great Basin.
Spain
Treaty of Tordesillas: ________ was able to secure a dominant role in the New World following the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) between ________ and Portugal.
Maize
The peoples of the Southwest came to depend on the cultivation of maize (corn)
Pueblo People
The Pueblo people lived in areas that are part of the current southwestern United States
Four Corners
A region of the Southwest where Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico meet
Great Basin
The Great Basin refers to the 400,000-square-mile area between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada Mountains
"Desert Culture
" Historians and archeologists refer to a "desert culture" that was common among most of the pre-contact American Indian tribes of the Great Basin
The Great Plains
The Great Plains refers to the vast stretch of land in the United States and Canada that stretches from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains
The Plains Indians
The Plains Indians are the native groups most commonly stereotyped in images of Indians in American popular culture
The Algonquian Peoples
The Algonquian language group included hundreds of American Indian tribes along the east coast of the present-day United States and in the interior of the continent, around the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes
The Iroquois League
In present-day New York State, groups of Iroquoian-speaking peoples formed the Iroquois League, a confederation made up of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas
The Chinook People
In the Pacific Northwest, the Chinook people lived along the Columbia River in present-day Washington and Oregon
The Crusades
The series of religious wars known as the Crusades shook the stability of European feudal society and whet the appetites of Europeans for foreign trade goods
The Black Death
The Black Death, probably caused by a pandemic outbreak of bubonic plague in the fourteenth century, reduced the European population by 30 to 60 percent
The Impact of the Renaissance
The Renaissance spirit of curiosity about the world inspired people to explore and map new areas
The Protestant Reformation
The most important religious movement during the sixteenth century was the Protestant Reformation
The Catholic Counter-Reformation
The Catholic Church itself underwent a reform in the sixteenth century
The "Columbian Exchange
" The "Columbian Exchange" led to the introduction to Europe of crops and livestock that were native to the Americas in the 1500s
Technological Advances and a Revolution in Navigation
A series of developments in maritime technology encouraged exploration and transformed the global economy
The Joint-stock Company
The joint-stock company model was developed in Europe in the 1500s and became an important engine for exploration and colonization in the New World
Christopher Columbus
The Italian navigator Christopher Columbus convinced the Spanish monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand, to fund a venture west, across the Atlantic, to reach the East
The Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa María
Columbuss three ships, the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa María, set sail in 1492 and, six weeks later, reached a Caribbean island that he named San Salvador
Treaty of Tordesillas
Spain was able to secure a dominant role in the New World following the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) between Spain and Portugal
The Conquistadores and the Defeat of Native Peoples
The sixteenth century saw brutal fighting in the Americas as Spain extended its dominance over much of the New World
Smallpox
The peoples of the New World, having evolved and adapted separately from the peoples of the Old World, had no immunities to many of the germs and infectious diseases that foreign explorers and settlers inadvertently brought with them
Encomienda
In Spains encomienda system, the initial Spanish settlers were granted tracts of land and the right to extract labor from local inhabitants
Spain and the African Slave Trade
Soon after European settlement in the Americas, a system of outright slavery developed
"Maroon" Communities
Maroons were Africans who had escaped from slavery in the New World and established independent communities
The Casta System
The Spanish used the term casta to describe the variety of mixed race people in the new world
Matrilineal
Many American Indian societies were matrilineal-members of the community were identified by their mothers lineages; European societies were patrilineal
The Guale People
The Guale people lived near the Spanish mission in St. Augustine-one of four missions in Spanish Florida in the sixteenth century
Juanillos Revolt
As missionaries tried to bring Guale Indians into the mission system, a revolt, known as Juanillos Revolt, occurred in 1597, resulting in the deaths of several missionaries
Juan de Oñate
In the western reaches of Spains New World empire, a violent confrontation occurred with the Pueblo people in what is now New Mexico
The Acoma Pueblo People
In 1598, the Acoma resisted an order by the Spaniards to hand over certain supplies that the Acoma needed to survive the upcoming winter
Pure Blood
As Europeans solidified their control over the New World and brought more American Indians and Africans under their control, a set of racist ideas developed to justify the continued subjugation of nonwhite people
Miscegenation
As miscegenation-the mixing of races-occurred in the New World, Spaniards erected an elaborate hierarchy of racial classes
Bartolomé de Las Casas
The priest Bartolomé de Las Casas roundly criticized Spanish actions as being among "the most unpardonable offenses committed against God and mankind."
Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda
Sepúlveda defended the treatment that the Spaniards meted out to the native peoples of the Americas
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