Ap U.S. History Unit 1 (1491-1607)

Ancestral Pueblo culture

________ developed around the year 900 in the area that is now referred to as the Four Corners region.

Martin Luther

Theologians ________ and John Calvin both led breaks with the Roman Catholic Church over church practices and beliefs.

Pure Blood

________: As Europeans solidified their control over the New World and brought more American Indians and Africans under their control, a set of racist ideas developed to justify the continued subjugation of nonwhite people.

Spain

________ participated in the international slave trad to import enslaved Africans to the New World in order to labor in plantation agriculture and mining.

Technological Advances

________ and a Revolution in Navigation: A series of developments in maritime technology encouraged exploration and transformed the global economy.

Black Death

The ________ also played an important role in undermining the stability of the feudal system.

sturdy ships

Portulanos, detailed maps, also helped navigators find their way around the world, many sailing on Portugals maneuverable and ________ called caravels.

plot direction

The compass, the astrolabe, the quadrant, and the hourglass all aided navigation, helping sailors ________, determine speed, and assess latitude.

Holy Land

The wars, with the goal of securing Christian control of the "________, "occurred primarily in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

Utah

Four Corners: A region of the Southwest where ________, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico meet.

Juan de Oñate

________: In the western reaches of Spains New World empire, a violent confrontation occurred with the Pueblo people in what is now New Mexico.

Desert culture

________ "was characterized by seasonable mobility, as hunters and foragers searched for food throughout the year.

Protestant Reformation

The ________: The most important religious movement during the sixteenth century was the ________.

Encomienda

________: In Spains ________ system, the initial Spanish settlers were granted tracts of land and the right to extract labor from local inhabitants.

St Lawrence River

The Algonquian Peoples: The Algonquian language group included hundreds of American Indian tribes along the east coast of the present- day United States and in the interior of the continent, around the ________ and the Great Lakes.

Old World

Smallpox: The peoples of the New World, having evolved and adapted separately from the peoples of the ________, had no immunities to many of the germs and infectious diseases that foreign explorers and settlers inadvertently brought with them.

Santa María

The Niña, the Pinta, and the ________: Columbuss three ships, the Niña, the Pinta, and the ________, set sail in 1492 and, six weeks later, reached a Caribbean island that he named San Salvador.

Juanillos Revolt

________: As missionaries tried to bring Guale Indians into the mission system, a revolt, known as ________, occurred in 1597, resulting in the deaths of several missionaries.

Chinook People

The ________: In the Pacific Northwest, the ________ lived along the Columbia River in present- day Washington and Oregon.

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

________: Sepúlveda defended the treatment that the Spaniards meted out to the native peoples of the Americas.

casta system

The ________ included peninsulares (born in Spain) and creoles (those born in the New World of Spanish parents) at the top of the social structure.

Spain

________ and the African Slave Trade: Soon after European settlement in the Americas, a system of outright slavery developed.

Desert Culture

________: "Historians and archeologists refer to a "________ "that was common among most of the pre- contact American Indian tribes of the Great Basin.

Spain

Treaty of Tordesillas: ________ was able to secure a dominant role in the New World following the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) between ________ and Portugal.

Maize

The peoples of the Southwest came to depend on the cultivation of maize (corn)

Pueblo People

The Pueblo people lived in areas that are part of the current southwestern United States

Four Corners

A region of the Southwest where Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico meet

Great Basin

The Great Basin refers to the 400,000-square-mile area between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada Mountains

"Desert Culture

" Historians and archeologists refer to a "desert culture" that was common among most of the pre-contact American Indian tribes of the Great Basin

The Great Plains

The Great Plains refers to the vast stretch of land in the United States and Canada that stretches from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains

The Plains Indians

The Plains Indians are the native groups most commonly stereotyped in images of Indians in American popular culture

The Algonquian Peoples

The Algonquian language group included hundreds of American Indian tribes along the east coast of the present-day United States and in the interior of the continent, around the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes

The Iroquois League

In present-day New York State, groups of Iroquoian-speaking peoples formed the Iroquois League, a confederation made up of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas

The Chinook People

In the Pacific Northwest, the Chinook people lived along the Columbia River in present-day Washington and Oregon

The Crusades

The series of religious wars known as the Crusades shook the stability of European feudal society and whet the appetites of Europeans for foreign trade goods

The Black Death

The Black Death, probably caused by a pandemic outbreak of bubonic plague in the fourteenth century, reduced the European population by 30 to 60 percent

The Impact of the Renaissance

The Renaissance spirit of curiosity about the world inspired people to explore and map new areas

The Protestant Reformation

The most important religious movement during the sixteenth century was the Protestant Reformation

The Catholic Counter-Reformation

The Catholic Church itself underwent a reform in the sixteenth century

The "Columbian Exchange

" The "Columbian Exchange" led to the introduction to Europe of crops and livestock that were native to the Americas in the 1500s

Technological Advances and a Revolution in Navigation

A series of developments in maritime technology encouraged exploration and transformed the global economy

The Joint-stock Company

The joint-stock company model was developed in Europe in the 1500s and became an important engine for exploration and colonization in the New World

Christopher Columbus

The Italian navigator Christopher Columbus convinced the Spanish monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand, to fund a venture west, across the Atlantic, to reach the East

The Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa María

Columbuss three ships, the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa María, set sail in 1492 and, six weeks later, reached a Caribbean island that he named San Salvador

Treaty of Tordesillas

Spain was able to secure a dominant role in the New World following the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) between Spain and Portugal

The Conquistadores and the Defeat of Native Peoples

The sixteenth century saw brutal fighting in the Americas as Spain extended its dominance over much of the New World

Smallpox

The peoples of the New World, having evolved and adapted separately from the peoples of the Old World, had no immunities to many of the germs and infectious diseases that foreign explorers and settlers inadvertently brought with them

Encomienda

In Spains encomienda system, the initial Spanish settlers were granted tracts of land and the right to extract labor from local inhabitants

Spain and the African Slave Trade

Soon after European settlement in the Americas, a system of outright slavery developed

"Maroon" Communities

Maroons were Africans who had escaped from slavery in the New World and established independent communities

The Casta System

The Spanish used the term casta to describe the variety of mixed race people in the new world

Matrilineal

Many American Indian societies were matrilineal-members of the community were identified by their mothers lineages; European societies were patrilineal

The Guale People

The Guale people lived near the Spanish mission in St. Augustine-one of four missions in Spanish Florida in the sixteenth century

Juanillos Revolt

As missionaries tried to bring Guale Indians into the mission system, a revolt, known as Juanillos Revolt, occurred in 1597, resulting in the deaths of several missionaries

Juan de Oñate

In the western reaches of Spains New World empire, a violent confrontation occurred with the Pueblo people in what is now New Mexico

The Acoma Pueblo People

In 1598, the Acoma resisted an order by the Spaniards to hand over certain supplies that the Acoma needed to survive the upcoming winter

Pure Blood

As Europeans solidified their control over the New World and brought more American Indians and Africans under their control, a set of racist ideas developed to justify the continued subjugation of nonwhite people

Miscegenation

As miscegenation-the mixing of races-occurred in the New World, Spaniards erected an elaborate hierarchy of racial classes

Bartolomé de Las Casas

The priest Bartolomé de Las Casas roundly criticized Spanish actions as being among "the most unpardonable offenses committed against God and mankind."

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

Sepúlveda defended the treatment that the Spaniards meted out to the native peoples of the Americas