critical thinking

What are the steps included in Research Design?

A question, a hypothesis, a sample, data observations, and conclusions.

What is a hypothesis in research?

A speculation about what will be discovered in a research study.

What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?

To act as a benchmark that receives no treatment or a placebo for comparison with the experimental group.

What defines a statistically significant result in an experiment?

It indicates that the result will occur again in similar circumstances.

What is a red herring in reasoning?

A fallacy that distracts attention away from the main issue.

What is the meaning of 'ad hominem'?

Attacking the person instead of addressing the issue.

What distinguishes a false dilemma?

It presents only two extreme alternatives with no possibilities in between.

What is doublespeak?

Language used to mislead while pretending to tell the truth.

What is the difference between denotation and connotation?

Denotation is the explicit meaning of a word, while connotation includes the emotional associations connected to a word.

What is reification in language?

Treating words as concrete realities rather than mere symbols.

How does sensationalism affect media presentation?

It leads to the presentation of more exciting stories over perhaps more newsworthy content.

What is the gestation principle?

The principle that suggests our minds strive to fill in incomplete messages to create a coherent understanding.

What does the term 'self-fulfilling prophecy' refer to?

A process whereby an expectation leads to its own fulfillment.

What is an example of a euphemism?

Saying 'passed away' instead of 'died'.

Define 'begging the question'.

A fallacy where the speaker assumes what needs to be proven.

What is a sound bite?

A short excerpt from a speech or report that may distort the original sentiment.

What is the role of opinion leaders in the two-step flow of information?

They first get their information from the media and then pass it on to the public.

What does 'neuromarketing' involve?

Using technology to assess consumer reactions to products on a subconscious level.

What is a placebo?

A treatment with no medical value given to the control group in research.

What does 'spin' refer to in media?

Using language to create biased positive or negative impressions of ideas, events, or policies.

What is an example of a hasty conclusion?

Generalizing based on insufficient information.

How can marketing techniques affect consumer perception?

By using tricks like fuzzy words, stylized images, and celebrity endorsements.