Cold War 1

Give the views of capitalism?

Traditional hierarchy, those in wealth have engrained privilege, free market ecenomics and private control over industry. Individual freedom prioritised.

Give the views of communism?

No freedom of the press and state control of industry and property as the state decides what is good for people, state control over the economy

What and when is the percentages agreement?

1944, Churchill and Stalin secretly made this agreement whereby Europe was split into two over the level of power and influence either the USSR or the USA could wield there.

How much power or influence was agreed for Greece Romania and Hungary?

Greece, 90% influence for Britain and the USSR, 90% in Romania and Hungary was split 50%

When was the Yalta conference?

4-11th of Feb 1945

Why was the Yalta conference called?

To maintain the grand alliance until Nazi germany has been defeated.

Through what charter did Roosevelt and Churchill agree their post war aims?

The Atlantic charter

What did the Atlantic charter propose?

A post war Europe based on free trade and self determination and international cooperation. this means no spheres of influence, economic reconstruction with a world bank and the International Monetary Fund and lasting peace via the UN

What was Stalin's aims for post war Europe?

He also wanted a level of international cooperation with Britain and the USA but they wanted to maintain their sphere of influence, especially in Eastern Europe and they wanted the USSR foreign policy to ge determined by them

What were the agreements made at Yalta for Germany?

Germany split into 4 zones administered by France, UK, USA and the USSR with Berlin also being divided into 4 zones. Poland would also gain land from Germany

What was decided within the Declaration of Liberated Europe introduce?

That the allies will ensure peace in Europe, provide charity, form democratic governments in the occupied countries aswell as elections being held.

Why was the declaration of liberated Europe an issue for the soviets?

This contradicts their ideology, they don't value democracy and don't want free elections as Stalin wants to maintain his sphere of influence and with this it could be taken away

When is the Potsdam conference?

17th July - 1st Aug 1945

What had changed from Yalta to Potsdam?

Nazi Germany now defeated, Truman replaced Roosevelt and he was more suspicious of Stalin and favoured confrontation, that force was the only method that Stalin would respect. Attlee also replaced Churchill and was also suspicious of Stalin. Stalin himself also viewed the USA as more untrustworthy.

What were the 4 D's in Germany from Potsdam?

Demilitarisation- disarmament of Germany

De-Nazification - trials for Nazi leaders

De-Centralisation- of the German political system

Democratisation - Freedom of speech press and religion

What did the USSR receive from Germany from Postdam?

USSR received reparations from the soviet zone in Germany aswell as 25% from the western zones

What were the consequences of Potsdam?

USA test their atomic bomb but hide this from the soviets and they therefore now believed that cooperation with the USA was over. Suspicion was generated.

What was not really agreed at Potsdam?

A real long term plan for Germany and how to move forward from the divisions

Give a quote from Churchill following Yalta from his communications with Stalin?

"The friendship and cooperation so firmly established shall not fade."

Give a quote from Churchill which he said to Roosevelt?

"The Soviet Union is becoming a danger to the free world."

Give ways in which Stalin escalated soviet foreign policy?

By 1945 the soviet troops occupied most of Eastern Europe and not only this but they tightened their control in these areas with authoritarian communist regimes

What is the Zhadanov doctrine?

In 1946 and a member of the communist party said that the world was being divided into two camps the imperialistic led by the USA and then anti-imperialism led by the Soviet's and their conflict was inevitable.

How did Stalin act in Poland and when?

In 1945 following Yalta the pro-soviet government was formed with a range of parties including peasant party leader who in 1946 was outlawed and forced to resign making way for Gomulka in rigged elections (80%) but in 1948 Stalin forces him to resign and Beirut is put in his place a Stalinist puppet.

Describe Soviet actions in Romania and when?

The USSR encouraged the disruption of the coalition government and by 1946 this unrest pushed soviet occupation through the communist and socialist parties merging with rigged elections (80%) and from then any opposition of the soviets were removed as well as the monarch in 1947

Describe the soviet actions in Bulgaria and when?

In 1944 there is a communist coup which removes the Bulgarian monarchy and they begin to gain votes in elections and in 1946 the communists win 75% of the vote due to rigged elections and then in 1947 the opposition leader is executed and other parties banned

Describe soviet actions in Hungary and when?

In 1945 the communists received 16% of the vote but the smallholders 50% and so Stalin ensured a communist as deputy PM aswell as arresting the smallholders leader in 1947 and then rigged elections 60% and then the execution of Rjk for being anti soviet

Describe the soviet actions in Czechoslovakia?

Communists were organically popular in 1946 with 38% of the vote but in 1947 Stalin forced the government not to accept Marshall aid and in 1948 the foreign minister was found dead after falling from a window

Describe the soviet actions in Yugoslavia ?

Tito led communist state by 1946 but in 1948 he splits with Stalin due to differences in foreign policy and economic policy and Yugoslavia was expelled from cominform

What is Cominform and when was it generated?

To consolidate power of the communist bloc by coordinating the actions of groups in Europe, established in 1947 in the September

What was USA foreign policy during 1945-6?

They provided short term loans to Europe to the tune of $14 billion and stressed their special relationship with the UK aswell as being at the centre of the UN for international cooperation and peace

What and when was the Bolshoi speech?

Feb 1946 by Stalin, a speech for his campaign in the Russian elections by which he attacked capitalism with "world capitalism proceeds through crisis and the catastrophes of war."

What and when was the long telegram?

37th Feb 1946 when George Kennan gave his view of the soviet position, he said that the Soviets propaganda attempts to legitimise their intervention into Eastern Europe aswell as their desire to actively undermine capitalism through driving a wedge through the capitalist countries

What and when was the Iron Curtain speech?

6th March 1946 where Churchill in Missouri criticised Stalin's control in Eastern Europe suggesting that the intervention was hidden from the western countries and that he is hiding the truth

What was Stalins response to the Iron Curtain speech?

Ten days after in the soviet newspaper Pravda he said "these countries should have a government whose relations are loyal to the Soviet Union."

What does Stalin describe Churchill as?

"Warmongerer."

What was the situation in Greece in 1947?

The British withdrew and then a civil war erupted between the monarchists and the Greek communists, the USA therefore intervened due to the Truman doctrine

What was the Truman doctrine?

-12th March 1947

-Truman announced he would provide economic help to countries being threatened by communism, support the "free peoples." In an attempt to contain Soviet expansion

What were the alterior motives for the Truman doctrine?

To help protect the USA ecenomic interests as they are a country based of rich men and they don't want communism to remove their power and system. They also want to protect democracy and freedom in Western Europe

What happened in Italy?

In 1947 there were strikes and hardship and this made the Italian communists more popular. The CIA worked with the opposition parties and the Catholic Church to ensure they did not, using propaganda, letter campaigns and threats of withholding Marshall aid

How many members did the French communist party have in 1947?

1.7 million members

Why did the US introduce the Marshall plan?

Food production 2/3 pre war levels, there were rations of below 1,000 calories a day. Rising support for communism due to financial systems collapsing.

What was the William Clayton report?

May 1947 he reported that there was a rise of social and economic issues with millions at risk of starvation, if there is a decrease in wages and ecenomic crisis which could decrease the amount of imports from the USA which could have a knock on effect to unemployment in America

What did Kennan report?

May 1947 that the USA should aim to rebuild Europes economy, and that communism is not a major threat in western countries

What was the Marshall plan?

A European recovery programme on the 5th June 1947 designed by George Marshall to provide aid to the tune of $13.5 billion in money and goods to 16 countries to promote European unity and a single European market.

What countries were given Marshall aid?

The UK had the most Marshall aid due to their "special relationship." Aswell as France,west Germany, Greece.

Why would the USA introduce the Marshall Plan?

Improving the economies in Europe they are less likely to not move towards the extremist parties in communism, stopping the spread of communism