Halogenoalkanes

What is a primary halogenoalkane?

when a maximum of one alkyl group is bonded to carbon atom that is bonded to the halogen

Example of primary halogenoalkanes

What is a secondary halogenoalkane?

has 2 alkyl groups bonded to carbon to carbon bonded to halogen

What is a tertiary halogenoalkane?

has a 3 alkyl groups bonded to carbon bonded to halogen

When naming complex halogenoalkanes, halogens are placed in an ____________ order

alphabetical

such as Bromo-Chloro-Iodo

Halogens are _____ electronegative than carbon

more

Halogens attract _________ electrons more than carbon causing carbon to have a partial ___________ charge (δ+). Carbon can then be attacked by _____________.

bonding

positive

nucleophiles

What are nucleophiles

species which can donate an electron pair they must have a lone pair.

What are substiution reactions?

they occur when a nucleophile replaces the halogen atom in a halogenoalkane

What is alkaline hydrolysis?

Reaction between a halogenoalkane with aqueous base such as NaOH(aq)

Many organic compounds are __________, and when heated would escape to atmosphere before reaction is complete

volatile

Volatile products would also be _____

lost.

Why is a reflux used in a nucleophilic substitution reaction?

used when heating a reaction mixture. By cooling vapours from mixture, chemicals are contained within the reaction flask as they condense and run back.

Diagram of reflux

What equation can we use to represent this reaction?

Rx + OH⁻(aq) —> ROH + X⁻(aq)

Alcohol and Halide ion is formed

How can the halide ion that was produced in the reaction be identified?

Halide ion can be identified using nitric acid and silver nitrate solution.

What equation can we use to represent the testing for Halide ion?

Ag⁺(aq) + X⁻(aq) —> AgX(s)

where X is the halogen

What colour precipitate would AgCl form?

White

What colour precipitate would AgBr form?

Cream

What colour precipitate would AgI form>

Pale Yellow

What is AgCl solubility in dilute ammonia?

Soluble

What is AgBr solubility in dilute ammonia?

Insoluble

What is AgI’s solubility in dilute ammonia?

Insoluble

What is AgCl’s solubility in concentrated ammonia

Soluble

What is AgBr’s solubility in concentrated ammonia

Soluble

What is AgI’s solubility in concentrated ammonia

Insoluble

The ____ pair of electrons on nucleophile attacks the ______ positive charge (∆+) on the carbon. A bond forms between the oxygen and carbon and the carbon halogen bond.

lone

partial

The relative ease of _________ of the halogenoalkanes can be explained by the_____ _______ of the carbon–halogen bond.

hydrolysis

bond strength

What is the rate of hydrolysis?

Iodoalkanes > Bromoalkanes > Chloroalkanes

The ____ bond is the least polar therefore the __________ bond and most easily broken and Iodoalkanes are most reactive

C-I

weakest

What are elimination reactions?

When a halogenoalkane is mixed with hydroxide ions such as Ethanolic NaOH and heated to high temperature under alcoholic conditions.