APUSH Tri 2 Exam

1763

date the proclamation line was issued- prohibited settlement past the Appalachian mountains

1776

date the constitution was written- the formal pronouncement of the 13 colonies’ independence, written mainly by jefferson

mercantilism

economic system where the daughter colony provides raw materials for the mother colony to manufacture- set up to benefit the mother colony

tariffs

a tax on an import/export

sugar act, stamp act, townshend acts, intolerable acts

navigation acts

laws passed in 1651 england to regulate colonial shipping, could only trade with english ships and all goods go through england first

heavily aggrivated americans because the policy was originally relaxed and suddenly not relaxed because of the debt caused by the French and Indian war

Jamestown

settled in 1607 by a british shipping company

settled for commerce/business reasons

founded by james smith

tobacco

southern cash crop, most popular around middle colonies

wore out soil quickly

pennsylvania

founded by william penn, a safe haven for quackers

maryland

founded by lord baltimore, mainly catholic and allowed free worship to all christians

massachusetts pilgrims

1620 founded by william bradford, mayflower

at plymoth

massachusetts puritans

1630, john winthrop and boston

mayflower compact

a local representative assembly that made a vague declaration of a government

indentured servants

english farmers who volentarily morgaged their labor

bacon’s rebellion

1676, bacon was the leader of 1000 indentured servants who attacked the va capital

started the shift to slavery

slavery

started in 1680s and soon outnumbered indentured servants

caribbean sugar and slavery

west indies (a british trade group) that traded slaves to american colonies in exchange for sugar

caribbean was a good climate for growing sugar

first great awakening

started by jonathan edwards and expanded by george whitefield

religious revival

emphasis on emotional preaching

baptist and methodists churches get a boost in membership

french and indian war

war between england and french/native americans in the 13 colonies, brought england into massive debt which then caused them to tax the colonies

boston merchants

sons of liberty, located in boston, HQ of the revolution

redcoats

ameircans who were anglicans that supported the british

saratoga

battle in NY, allied victory

TURNING POINT

gave americans credibility to manufacture an alliance with france

yorktown

where USA basically won the war, big slay

the northwest ordinance

1787, one thing done during the AOC, created the northwest territory which would turn into 3-5 states

established process of statehood

the aoc

1777, created by Second Consitutional Congress, loose confederation and overreaction to strict monarchy

constitution

1789, a set of rules to govern the us

three branches

“great compromise” in consitution

bicameral legislature

3/5 compromise in consitution

each slave counted as 3/5 of a person during a census

slavery in the consitution

is legal and protected

3/5 compromise

fugitive slave clause

congress cannot ban slave importation for the next 20 years (1808)

anti-federalists

anti-constitution

mostly farmers in the south

wanted strong states or pro-states' rights

anti-bank

wanted bill of rights

federalists

pro-constitution

mostly elites in the north

wanted strong central government

pro-bank

bill of rights

1791, amendments 1-10 passed as a group

guaranteed individual rights and freedoms

anti-federalists wanted it to guarantee rights/fear of central government becoming too strong

written by madison

first amendment

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

antifederalists fear of…

strong central government bc thought it would crush democracy

team jefferson

democratic-republican

southern, farming, rural culture

team hamilton

federalists

pro business, banking, city culture

hamilton

literally go listen to the musical if you haven’t already

hamilton and national bank

said a national bank would stimulate the economy/help america become a thriving country

issue of constitutionality, wasn’t specifically in constitution

“necessary and proper clause”

in the constitution, said that congress had the power to do whatever it deemed necessary to carry out it’s powers

strict constructs

taking the constitution literally

lead by jefferson

loose construction

the constitution implies powers, allowed unless constitution specifically forbids it

lead by hamilton

george washington

unanimously elected in 1788

humble leader

foreign policy of isolation

left office after 2 terms, setting the standard

neutrality proclaimation 1793

by Washington, would be non-interventionalists in wars (at time was french rev)

marbury v. madison

establishes judicial review: the supreme court can determine the constitutionality of laws

mcculloch v. maryland

scotus rules the national bank as constitutional

louisiana purchase

1803, jefferson bought land west of MS river from france

war of 1812

britian trying to get her bae america back

started with british impressment on american sailors

US win, treaty of Ghent

war of 1812 effects on national culture

andrew jackson and harrison rise to fame

manifest destiny confirmed

federalist party dies

nationalism

team jackson

anti tarrif, national bank, infastructure

support from west/south

democratic

team clay

pro tarrif, national bank, infrastructure

support from north

whig party

whig party

They favored an economic program known as the American System, which called for a protective tariff, federal subsidies for the construction of infrastructure, and support for a national bank.

mass democracy

a greater number of people now voting, starts with jackson

nullification crisis

•tariff of abominations doesn't protect southern cotton and farm products

•south carolina hates the tariff so they don't want to follow it and threaten to secede

•vp john c. calhoun writes a pamphlet saying states can declare federal laws null and void

indian removal act

forced uprooting of 5 tribes east of MS river to a new Indian territory

trail of tears

forced march of cherokee indians from south to indian territory

manifest destiny

idea that God destined the entire american continent for the untied states

2nd great awakening

revival beginning on sothern frontier going to the north

“camp meetings”

methodists and baptists had the most converts

made regligion emotional and personal

mormons, seventh day adventists

religious groups born out of 2nd great awakening

the market revolution

caused by the transportation revolution

where markets got bigger and more distance from each other

women in antebellum reform movement

dorothea dix, lucretia mott, elizabeth stanton, susan b anthony, elizabeth blackwell, grimke sisters

seneca falls convention

meeting of feminists in seneca falls NY in 1848

antebellum south

a period in the history of the Southern United States that extended from the conclusion of the War of 1812 to the start of the American Civil War in 1861. This era was marked by the prevalent practice of slavery and the associated societal norms it cultivated.

cotton gin

invented by eli whitney

helped in the mass production of cottonocracy

cotton

number 1 cash crop in the South in the 1800's

slavery with cotton gin

boomed bc ppl the demand became higher

the missouri compromise

1820

compromise established by henry clay

missouri becomes a slave state and maine becomes a free state to balance the senate vote

36"30' line

texas independence

"texicans" resists the emancipation of slaves in 1830

fight at the alamo goliad, and finally at san jacinto where they won their indpendence in 1836

kansas-nebraska act

nebraska territory is split (into NE and KA) and each state decides slavery via popular sovereignty

compromise of 1850

1. california is a free state

2. slave trading banned in DC

3. strict fugitive slave clause

4. fixes disputed land boarder between NM and TX

5. new states from mexican session will decided slavery via popular sovereignty

dred scott decision

1857, ruled slaves are not citizens and there are no free states because slaves are private property

democrats at 1850s

southern, pro-slavery

republican party 1850s (when born ish)

northern, abolitionists

emanipation proclaimation

slaves in areas of rebellion are freed by lincoln

gettysburg address

“finish the job”

military reconstruction

union troops occupy the south

13th amendment

abolishes slavery

14th amendment

citizenship depends on soil/where you were born

overturns dred scott

15th amendment

black men are given the right to vote

radical republicanism in reconstruction

blacks holding office, voting

demanded more protection of black civil rights in south

freedman and sharecropping

free blacks were mostly still tied to their land by sharecropping

compromise of 1877

deal that settled the election of 1876, republican taft gets the presidency while democrats get the union soldiers out of the south

ends military reconstruction, means and end of enforcement of black civil rights

industrial revolution

was the transition from creating goods by hand to using machines. Its start and end are widely debated by scholars, but the period generally spanned from about 1760 to 1840

widespread urbanization and business boom

factory/assembly line

perfected by Henry Ford for model Ts

transcontinental railroad

railroad that spans the US

meeting point: utah 1869, a “wedding of the rails”

chinese exclusion act

an absolute 10-year ban on Chinese laborers immigrating to the United States

urbanization

boom in urban areas, gets more crowded

political machines and bosses

a person or small group with authority that has enough votes or is popular enough to have control over political administration or any type of government in a city, county, or state.

popular in urban areas, took advantage of immigrants

rise of trusts and industrial capitalism

by horizontal/vertical integration, increase in shady deals, and lack of government regulation

rise of labor unions

popular with factory work booming

American Federation of Labor

high income inequality

wealth gap massive increase

laissz-faire

economic system where government plays no role in the economy

republicans in Gilded age

dominated, pro-business and laissez-faire

democrats in gilded age

ngl kinda just there

populists in gilded age

a western farmer group who felt ignored by the government and cheated by monopolies

politican who gets votes of common ppl by telling them their problems are caused by the elite

16th amendment

income tax

17th amendment

direct election of senators

18th amendment

prohibition

19th amendment

women’s sufferage

plessy v. ferguson

SCOTUS blessing of jim crow laws, “separate but equal”

jim crow laws

local laws that disenfranchised blacks

social darwinism

survival of the fittest