Factors in move to armed struggle
Govt deceit (e.g., breaking gaurentee of immunity)
Peaceful protect ineffective; suspension of arrests for not carrying passes BUT passes required for pensions (undermined pass protest)
Final ANC protest in May 1961 failed - PAC refused to join, most stayed home
Grassroots activists advocated for militancy (east Pondoland) ā armed struggle would attract grassroots support
Umkhonto We Sizwe (MK)
Co-founded by Mandela in 1961
Used acts of sabotage on property (government instillations ect), THEn sought guerrilla warfare
Bombing on covenant day (inc electrical substation) ā 200 attacks in following 18 months
Limited threats - increase support in rural areas/undermine white support for nats BUT amateur
Poqo
Used terror and intimidation, targeted innocent whites (e.g., killed 2 in Paarl) and African policemen and chiefs considered collaborators
Divided into cell, limited membership to Africans
Argued among selves, infiltrated by secret police n 1964 - many arrested/executed
Mandela
Went underground, nicknamed āblack pimpernelā (spent time in Rivonia farm owned by SACP, planned MK activities)
Travelled around Africa and UK to seek support/funds BUT arrested on return to SA (traveling without passport) - sentenced for 5 years
Security forces found Rivonia farm ā Rivonia trial
Used Rivonia trial to justify struggle (rather than plead innocent) ā sentenced to life BUT bold anti-apartheid statement
UN called f defendantsā release, Brezhnev, MPs and congressmen demanded lenience
Exile and imprisonment - foreign relations
Tambo built āCharm offensiveā on London
Sisulu ā E Europe, delegates met Mao, USSR grants ($300,000 1963, $560,000 1965)
Stasi interrogation training, Tanzania training camps BUT lack of Western/African pressure
Exile and imprisonment - ANC
Lithuli house arrest, Tambo and Slovak exiled
Bases in Tanzania and Mozambique, infiltration routes organised (w infrastructure to accommodate activists)
BUT Sa surrounded by friendly counties to ANC (e.g., Rhodesia) - guerrilla warfare difficult
Exile and improvement - ZAPU
ANC aligned with ZAPU in Rhodesia
Fighters gained experience in wankie game reserve BUT at least 12 killed, ZAPU lost to Rhodesia (with SA govt support)
Exile and imprisonment - Morogoro conference 1969
Re-emphasised importance of armed struggle in SA itself
Clarified ANC-SACP relationship (ANC primacy BUT SACP uses contacts/military expertise)
Created revolutionary council (oversaw military struggle, inc Slovo)
Only blacks allowed to serve on NEC