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history
Quadruple Alliance
The conservative aristocratic monarchies of Russia, Austria, and Great Britain.
Congress of Vienna
A conference held in 1814-1815 to establish a European Balance of Power after the Napoleonic Wars.
Klemens Von Metternich
Austrian Foreign Minister who led the conservative reaction in Europe after the Congress of Vienna.
Carlsbad Decrees
Regulations passed in 1819 requiring German states to eliminate subversive ideas from universities and newspapers.
Liberalism
A political movement emphasizing equality, liberty, representative government, individual freedoms of press, speech, and assembly.
Economic Liberalism
A form of liberalism advocating for free markets and minimal government interference in the economy.
The Battle of Peterloo
A violent suppression of a peaceful protest in Manchester in 1815, illustrating government repression of dissent.
Reform Bill of 1832
Legislation that increased the number of male voters in Britain and shifted political representation.
Test Acts
Laws that restricted rights of Puritans, Catholics, and other dissenters in England, repealed in the 19th century.
Corn Laws
British laws that restricted grain importation to protect domestic producers, leading to widespread protests.
Slavery Abolition Act of 1833
Legislation that abolished slavery in the British Empire.
Louis Philippe
The Citizen King of France who took the throne after the July Revolution of 1830.
Socialism
A political and economic theory advocating for collective or governmental ownership of production and redistribution of wealth.
Classical Economics
Economic theories emphasizing competition and free markets, developed by economists like Adam Smith.
Utilitarianism
A philosophical theory by Jeremy Bentham advocating for the greatest good for the greatest number.
Dialectics
Hegel's method of reasoning, involving thesis, antithesis, and synthesis to expose false beliefs and attain truth.
Scientific Socialism
Marx's framework for understanding class struggle and historical development rooted in economic factors.
Proletariat
The working class who, according to Marx, would rise against the bourgeois and overthrow capitalism.
Surplus Value
The difference between what workers are paid and the value of the goods they produce, which Marx viewed as exploitation.
Francis Joseph
The Austrian Emperor who succeeded Franz Ferdinand and dealt with the Magyar Uprising.
Frankfurt Assembly
An 1848 gathering aimed at unifying Germany, ultimately failing due to internal conflicts.
