19th Century Ideology

history

Quadruple Alliance

The conservative aristocratic monarchies of Russia, Austria, and Great Britain.

Congress of Vienna

A conference held in 1814-1815 to establish a European Balance of Power after the Napoleonic Wars.

Klemens Von Metternich

Austrian Foreign Minister who led the conservative reaction in Europe after the Congress of Vienna.

Carlsbad Decrees

Regulations passed in 1819 requiring German states to eliminate subversive ideas from universities and newspapers.

Liberalism

A political movement emphasizing equality, liberty, representative government, individual freedoms of press, speech, and assembly.

Economic Liberalism

A form of liberalism advocating for free markets and minimal government interference in the economy.

The Battle of Peterloo

A violent suppression of a peaceful protest in Manchester in 1815, illustrating government repression of dissent.

Reform Bill of 1832

Legislation that increased the number of male voters in Britain and shifted political representation.

Test Acts

Laws that restricted rights of Puritans, Catholics, and other dissenters in England, repealed in the 19th century.

Corn Laws

British laws that restricted grain importation to protect domestic producers, leading to widespread protests.

Slavery Abolition Act of 1833

Legislation that abolished slavery in the British Empire.

Louis Philippe

The Citizen King of France who took the throne after the July Revolution of 1830.

Socialism

A political and economic theory advocating for collective or governmental ownership of production and redistribution of wealth.

Classical Economics

Economic theories emphasizing competition and free markets, developed by economists like Adam Smith.

Utilitarianism

A philosophical theory by Jeremy Bentham advocating for the greatest good for the greatest number.

Dialectics

Hegel's method of reasoning, involving thesis, antithesis, and synthesis to expose false beliefs and attain truth.

Scientific Socialism

Marx's framework for understanding class struggle and historical development rooted in economic factors.

Proletariat

The working class who, according to Marx, would rise against the bourgeois and overthrow capitalism.

Surplus Value

The difference between what workers are paid and the value of the goods they produce, which Marx viewed as exploitation.

Francis Joseph

The Austrian Emperor who succeeded Franz Ferdinand and dealt with the Magyar Uprising.

Frankfurt Assembly

An 1848 gathering aimed at unifying Germany, ultimately failing due to internal conflicts.