tbbb 10

Brain imaging technologies are used to study how the brain reacts to different ______ (choices/decisions).

choices.

Movie producers edit trailers to highlight the most ______ (dramatic/intense) emotional responses.

dramatic.

Emotions such as ______ (fear/anxiety) are associated with specific physical responses.

fear.

More complex emotions, like ______ (pride/fulfillment), are harder to evoke through trailers due to their nuanced nature.

pride.

In choosing a movie, individual differences, such as preference for ______ (horror/thriller) films, play a role in audience reactions.

horror.

People’s responses to films are influenced by their beliefs about ______ (gender/social) expectations, which can vary culturally and socially.

gender.

Gender differences in movie preferences are influenced by ______ (social/cultural) attitudes and beliefs that are shaped by cultural contexts.

social.

Mental representations are symbols that signify ______ (objects/ideas), helping us understand abstract concepts or real objects.

objects.

Thinking allows us to manipulate ______ (information/data) to plan interactions and regulate our goals, essential for decision-making.

information.

Mental representations are similar to having ______ (shortcuts/templates) on a computer, as they help us process and store information efficiently.

shortcuts.

The word "dog" in any language is a form of ______ (symbolic/abstract) representation, representing the animal conceptually rather than visually.

symbolic.

A photo or drawing of a dog is an example of ______ (visual/concrete) representation, providing a visual reference to the actual object.

visual.

Temple Grandin describes her way of thinking as "thinking in ______ (pictures/visuals)," emphasizing her unique cognitive process.

pictures.

Albert Einstein is quoted as using ______ (mental imagery/creativity) in the early stages of his thinking, emphasizing imagination in scientific discovery.

mental imagery.

Mental images can be zoomed in or out, much like ______ (maps/diagrams), allowing for detailed or broad perspectives.

maps.

Children are more likely than adults to use ______ (visual/graphic) images in their thinking, reflecting developmental differences in cognitive processes.

visual.

Concepts are used to organize the ______ (knowledge/information) we know, facilitating understanding and communication.

knowledge.

The process of concept formation is not unique to ______ (humans/primates), as many species display cognitive categorization.

humans.

Nonhuman animals like pigeons can form concepts, such as distinguishing between ______ (fish/birds) and nonfish images, showcasing their cognitive abilities.

fish.

A pigeon’s ability to identify fish images suggests it has extracted a ______ (fish/aquatic) concept, demonstrating a level of abstract thinking.

fish.

An important part of solving a problem is to ______ (represent/depict) the problem in a way that is useful for finding a solution.

represent.

You might represent a grade problem as the result of ______ (procrastination/poor planning) on an essay, indicating different underlying issues.

procrastination.

Big, complex problems are easier to solve when broken down into smaller, ______ (intermediate/manageable) problems, facilitating step-by-step solutions.

intermediate.

Systems engineers use a problem-solving process that evaluates progress ______ (continuously through/iteratively) the process, enhancing adaptability.

continuously through.

When formulating a problem, it is essential to ask questions like "What information is ______ (missing/lacking)?" to identify gaps in understanding.

missing.

Damage to the ______ (frontal/prefrontal) lobes can lead to difficulty in forming new concepts, affecting cognitive flexibility.

frontal.

A well-defined problem has a solution that can be ______ (verified/validated) as correct or incorrect, allowing for clear resolution.

verified.

Our brain has specialized areas for processing ______ (living/biological) concepts, such as animals, illustrating neural organization.

living.

In the problem-solving process, the final step is to ______ (look back/reflect) and evaluate whether the solution has resolved the issue effectively.

look back.

A complex problem, like world hunger, might be best approached by dividing it into smaller, more manageable ______ (components/factors).

components.

Some categories, like living vs. nonliving things, are thought to be ______ (hardwired/innate) in the brain, as they help with survival instincts.

hardwired.

Problem-solving is the use of ______ (information/knowledge) to meet specific goals by developing and evaluating strategies for action.

information.

In problem-solving, mental representations are used to ______ (frame/structure) the problem in ways that can help find a solution efficiently.

frame.

The ______ (availability/representativeness) heuristic indicates that events which are easier to remember seem more probable to happen in real life.

Availability heuristic.

The ______ (availability/recognition) heuristic clarifies why the belief exists that missing children are often abducted, despite fewer reports each year.

Availability heuristic.

The ______ (representativeness/affect) heuristic manifests when individuals assume a large, muscular college student is a football player, ignoring statistics.

Representativeness heuristic.

The ______ (recognition/availability) heuristic suggests that stimuli that are more recognizable are perceived as having greater value, affecting choices.

Recognition heuristic.

Rating a fish labeled "Atlantic salmon" higher than the same fish labeled "Australian salmon" exemplifies the ______ (representativeness/recognition) heuristic in action.

Recognition heuristic.

The ______ (affect/recognition) heuristic is characterized by making choices based on emotional reactions or instinctual feelings rather than logic.

Affect heuristic.

Choosing to eat dessert instead of sticking to a diet is an example of the ______ (availability/affect) heuristic, driven by temptation.

Affect heuristic.

Language is a structured system of ______ (communication/intuition) that allows us to express thoughts and emotions through sounds, gestures, or written symbols.

Communication.

Language enables ______ (problem-solving/impulsivity) by allowing us to organize complex thoughts and reason abstractly, facilitating mental processes.

Problem-solving.

Because of ______ (language/perception), the ideas we express today can shape the thoughts and behaviors of future generations, highlighting its evolution.

Language.

One key function of language is facilitating ______ (social connection/memory recall), allowing people to communicate across time and space effectively.

Social connection.

Language helps in preserving and shaping ______ (knowledge/instincts) by allowing ideas to be recorded, influencing education and culture.

Knowledge.

Language is made up of ______ (phonemes/morphemes), which are the basic speech sounds that combine into meaningful units, forming words.

Phonemes.

English contains about ______ (45/100) phonemes, which are represented visually by 26 letters, forming the basis of its spoken language.

The smallest components of speech that carry meaning are called ______ (morphemes/syntax), providing building blocks for language.

Morphemes.

Morphemes include words as well as ______ (prefixes/sentences) and suffixes, enhancing semantic richness in language.

Prefixes.

The average 20-year-old English speaker knows around ______ (42,000 words/50,000 words), reflecting vocabulary development influenced by education and environment.

42,000 words.

Grammar determines how words are arranged into ______ (phrases/sentences), structuring language for clarity and meaning.

phrases and sentences.

______ is a language disorder caused by brain damage, affecting speech and comprehension, showcasing the need for cognitive health.

Aphasia.

Damage to ______ (Broca’s/Wernicke’s) area results in slow, effortful speech with retained meaning, illustrating the connection between brain regions and function.

Broca’s.

Damage to ______ (Broca’s/Wernicke’s) area causes fluent but nonsensical speech with impaired comprehension, highlighting a different aspect of language processing.

Wernicke’s.

Patients with ______ (Broca’s/Wernicke’s) aphasia can sometimes produce automatic speech, such as expletives, indicating preserved language functions.

Broca’s.

______ (Wernicke’s/Broca’s) aphasia results in grammatically correct but meaningless sentences, reflecting the complex interplay of language mechanisms in the brain.

Wernicke’s.

Animal communication generally lacks the ______ (creativity/flexibility) of human language, which allows for abstract thought and creativity.

creativity.

Some animals, like bees, use signals to convey ______ (magnitude/information), such as the distance of food sources, demonstrating functional communication.

magnitude.

Apes have a brain region similar to ______ (Broca’s/Wernicke’s) area, which plays a role in speech production, indicating evolutionary parallels.

Broca’s.

______ (Koko/Washoe), a gorilla, learned over 100 signs in sign language, showcasing cognitive abilities beyond typical observations.

Koko.

______ (Washoe/Kanzi), a bonobo, learned geometric symbols and could understand spoken commands, illustrating advanced learning.

Kanzi.

Unlike human children, apes require ______ (extensive/minimal) training to learn language, reflecting differences in communication styles.

Extensive.

Some researchers argue that animals do not grasp ______ (syntax/pronunciation), a key feature of human grammar, impacting their communication skills.

Syntax.

Language acquisition begins ______ (before/after) birth, emphasizing the critical period for language development.

Before.

By 6-12 months, infants become more sensitive to ______ (native/non-native) language sounds, aiding in phonetic differentiation.

Native.

Language learning is enhanced by ______ (social interaction/passive exposure) rather than simply listening, highlighting the role of engagement.

Social interaction.

By age 2, children from lower-income families may be ______ (ahead/behind) in vocabulary development, due to environmental factors affecting learning.

Behind.

The "language gap" suggests that by age 3, children from wealthier families hear ______ (30 million/10 million) more words, impacting cognitive development.

30 million.

______ (Parentese/Monotone speech)—exaggerated speech used with infants—has been linked to improved language outcomes, demonstrating effective communication.

Parentese.

Individuals with dyslexia often show greater activation in Broca's area, which is involved in ______ (speech production/reading comprehension) during tasks, indicating neural adaptation.

speech production.

Brain activity in the right prefrontal cortex during a rhyming task predicts reading skill improvements in children with ______ (dyslexia/ADHD), highlighting neurodiversity.

dyslexia.

More than half of the world’s population is ______ (bilingual/monolingual), reflecting the interconnectedness of cultures and languages.

bilingual.

Canada is officially bilingual in English and ______ (French/Spanish), showcasing its diverse cultural landscape.

French.

In the early 20th century, it was wrongly believed that bilingual children faced ______ (intellectual advantages/intellectual disadvantages), revealing biases against language diversity.

intellectual disadvantages.

The bilingual executive advantage hypothesis suggests that constantly switching between languages enhances ______ (executive function skills/vocabulary), providing cognitive benefits.

executive function skills.

Lifelong bilingualism may help build ______ (cognitive reserve/language skills), potentially delaying Alzheimer’s symptoms and enhancing mental resilience.

cognitive reserve.

Learning two languages in ______ (childhood/adulthood) results in greater brain overlap, facilitating language processing and cognitive growth.

childhood.

More proficiency in both languages leads to more ______ (brain overlap/language confusion), reinforcing cognitive connections associated with language learning.

brain overlap.

American Sign Language (ASL) is a unique language with its own ______ (grammar/writing system), showcasing the richness of communication modalities.

grammar.

ASL is primarily used in ______ (North America/Europe), serving as a vital communication tool within the deaf community.

North America.

What is Broca’s Aphasia characterized by?

Slow, effortful speech with good comprehension.

What issues are present in Wernicke’s Aphasia?

Fluent, meaningless speech and comprehension issues.

What is intelligence?

The ability to understand complex ideas and adapt effectively to the environment.

What does intelligence involve besides understanding?

Learning from experience and engaging in various forms of reasoning.

What did Sir Francis Galton believe about intelligence?

It was the result of genetic inheritance.

What idea did Galton support that involved selective breeding?

Eugenics.

What did the idea of eugenics lead to regarding individuals deemed unfit?

Forced sterilizations.

At what age did Leilani Muir sue the government after being sterilized without consent?

Who created the first intelligence test for French schoolchildren?

Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon.

What did Lewis Terman introduce when adapting the Binet test for the U.S.?

The IQ.

How is the IQ score calculated?

Dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100.

What is the typical range for IQ scores today?

70 to 130.

What are two important qualities of a good intelligence test?

Reliability and validity.

What is the correlation of IQ tests with artistic skills compared to school performance?

Lower with artistic skills.

What can influence verbal test performance?

Socioeconomic status.

What factors still affect test performance despite efforts to create culture-free tests?

Environmental factors.

Being breastfed enhances IQ only in children with a specific ______ (gene variation/genetic predisposition).

gene variation.

The heritability of adult intelligence is around ______ (0.75/significant), meaning genetics account for 75% of the observed intelligence differences.

0.75.

Both overall brain size and ______ (grey matter volume/neuronal structure) are about 85% heritable.

grey matter volume.

Intelligence is influenced by many ______ (genes/genetic factors), each with a small effect.

genes.