Apartheid - Paper 1

Petty Apartheid

The system of racial segregation in South Africa that enforced policies of separation in public facilities and social interactions.

Baaskap

Literally means 'boss rule,' referring to the economic and political domination of Whites over non-whites in South Africa.

Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949)

The first major apartheid law passed by the National Party, prohibiting marriages between Whites and non-whites.

Immorality Act (1950)

Legislation that prohibited extramarital sex between Whites and non-whites.

Population Registration Act (1950)

Legislation that established a race classification system for South African citizens.

Group Areas Act (1950)

An apartheid law that designated specific land areas for different races, effectively segregating populations.

Defiance Campaign (1952)

A coordinated nation-wide campaign against apartheid laws characterized by civil disobedience.

Bantu Education Act (1953)

Legislation that enforced racially segregated education systems and curricula for Black students.

ANC

African National Congress, a political organization founded to oppose apartheid.

Sharpeville Massacre (1960)

An incident where police killed 69 protestors during a demonstration against pass laws.

Sophiatown evictions

Forced removals and displacement of Black communities from Sophiatown as part of Apartheid policies.

Suppression of Communism Act (1950)

Legislation that made any forms of dissent against the apartheid government essentially illegal.

Pass Laws Act (1952)

An apartheid law requiring Black South Africans to carry passbooks to travel or work in urban areas.

ANC’s Program of Action

The strategy adopted by the ANC in the early 1950s that called for direct action against apartheid.

Freedom Charter (1955)

A document calling for a non-racial and democratic government in South Africa, established by a variety of groups.

Passive Resistance

The concept of opposing an unjust law without resorting to violence.

Mandela

Nelson Mandela, a key figure in the fight against apartheid and voted the first Black president of South Africa.

Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK)

The armed wing of the ANC established to carry out sabotage against the apartheid regime.

Rivonia Trial (1963-1964)

A trial of ANC leaders, including Mandela, who were charged with sabotage against the apartheid government.

Congress of the People (1955)

A gathering that led to the formulation of the Freedom Charter aimed at uniting all anti-apartheid groups.

Steve Biko

Leader of the Black Consciousness Movement, which sought to empower Black South Africans and promote pride.

Grand Apartheid

A phase of apartheid focused on territorial segregation and pseudo-independence for Black Africans.

Treason Trial (1956-1961)

A trial against ANC leaders who were charged with treason due to their opposition to the apartheid regime.

Bantustans

Territories set aside for Black inhabitants of South Africa, designed to enforce racial segregation.

ANC Resistance Campaign

A series of actions by the ANC to oppose the apartheid government's policies and laws.

Economic Advancement Program (1953)

An ANC initiative aimed at gaining support from poorer Black communities.

CPSA

The Communist Party of South Africa, which was rendered illegal under the apartheid regime.

National Action Committee (NAC)

A body formed during the Defiance Campaign to coordinate anti-apartheid actions.

Black Sash

A white women's organization that opposed apartheid and fought for the rights of Black South Africans.

Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (1953)

Legislation that enforced segregation in all public amenities.

Luthuli

Albert Luthuli, a leader of the ANC who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his nonviolent resistance against apartheid.

ANC Boycott

A movement launched by ANC to boycott businesses that supported apartheid.

SACP

South African Communist Party, an ally of the ANC in the fight against apartheid.

Women’s League

A sub-organization within the ANC aimed at addressing the needs and rights of women.

Soweto Uprising

A series of protests led by students in 1976 against the use of Afrikaans in schools.

Johannesburg Chamber of Commerce

An organization that, during the Alexandra Bus Boycott, provided financial support to transport companies.

Cultural Hub

Refers to areas like Sophiatown that served as centers for Black culture and political organization.

Forced Removals

Government-directed relocations of non-white South Africans to enforce segregation.

Transkei Constitution Act (1963)

Legislation establishing a nominally independent Bantustan for Xhosa-speaking people.

Afrikaner suburb Triomf

An area developed to replace Sophiatown, showcasing forced removals and racial segregation.

Passbook

Identification documents required under apartheid laws for non-white South Africans.

Natal

A region in South Africa mentioned in the context of anti-apartheid actions.

Pretoria Control

The overarching governmental authority that maintained power and order during the apartheid era.

National High Command

The leadership structure of the ANC’s military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe.

Democratic Struggle

The broader movement against apartheid that involved various organizations and communities.

Tambo

Oliver Tambo, president of the ANC in exile, who played a crucial role in internationalizing the anti-apartheid struggle.

Pencil Test

A controversial test used to determine a person's racial identity based on hair type during classification.