organic chemistry and macros

organic chemistry

the study of compounds containing carbon

organic chemistry observation

all organisms have similar proportions of major elements

what experiment explored how organic molecules could form from non-organic materials?

the stanley miller experiment

when bonding to carbon

4 bonds, but can be single or double

hydrocarbons

composed of carbons and hydrogen, equal sharing, non-polar

benzene-aromic rings

circular structures, aroma=smell

-ane ending

all single bonds

-ene ending

at least 1 double bond is present

why is carbon important to life

carbon can form diverse molecules because it makes four covalent bonds and can create chains, branches, rings and double bonds

what is a hypothosis

a testable prediction or explanation

in the keto diet angiogenesis experiment, what is the hypothosis

a high-fat diet/media will lower angiogenesis

what is angiogenesis

the formation of new blood vessels

what is the experimental group in the angiogenesis experiment

blood vessel cells grown in media rich in fat

what is the negative control in the angiogenesis experiment

blood vessel cells grown in balanced media

what is the positive control in the angiogenesis experiment

blood vessel cells grown in balanced media with axitinib, a known anti-angiogenic drug

why is axitinib used as a positive control

it is known to reduce angiogenesis, so it shows the assay can detect reduced migration/blood vessel formation

what would a properly controlled experiment show if high fat reduces angiogenesis

the fat-rich media group should show less cell migration than the balanced media group, similar to or trending toward the axitinib group

what might make an experiment properly controlled

missing a positive or negative control, changing more than one variable, or failing to compare groups fairly

what is the independent variable

the changed variable

what is the experimental group

the one named in the hypothesis

what makes a good experiment

if there is a negative, a positive and an experimental group

what is a functional group

a specific group of atoms attached to a carbon skeleton that affects a molecules’s properties and reactions

what is the hydroxyl group

OH group

what type of compound contains a hydroxyl group

alcohol, ending in -ol

what is the carbonyl group

C=O, double bond

what endings are associated with carbonyl groups

-one or -al endings

what are examples for carbonyl group

katone or aldehyde

which functional group can change a compound’s name depending on its location

carbonyl group

what is the carboxyl group?

HO-C=O group

what type of compound contains a carboxyl group

carboxylic acid or organic acid

what is the amino group

NH2 group

does the amino group act as an acid or a base

base

what is the sulfhydryl group

SH group

what type of compound contains a sulfhydryl group

thiol

what is the phosphate group

OPO3²-

what charge does a phosphate group usually have

negative charge

what is the methyl group

CH3 group

what does methylated mean

a methyl group has been added to a molecule

what are monosaccarides

single sugar monomers

what are examples of monosaccharides

glucose, galactose, fructose

what is a carbohydrates function

energy source, building material

what functional groups are common in sugars

hydroxyl groups and a carbonyl group

how do glucose and galactose differ

they have the same formula, but differ in the arrangement of atoms/groupsg

what type of reaction links sugar monomers

dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction

what is a disaccharide

2 monosaccharides (sugars)

what is glycosidic linkage

a bond that forms through sugars

what is every carb’s ending

-ose

isomer

same elements but in a different location

when is a carb in linear form

without water

what are polysaccharides

a bunch of glucose over and over again

what are storage forms of polysaccarides

starch, and glycogen

what are structural forms of polysaccharides

cellulose and chitin

what type of reaction breaks down sugar polymers

hydrolysis

What are the main types of lipids

fats, phospholipids, steroids

what are 4 major lipids functions

storage, insulation, membranes, signaling

what is another name for a fat

a triglyceride

what is a triglyceride

3 fatty acids + glycerol

what are the two types of fatty acids

saturated and unsaturated

what is a saturated fat

made of all single bonds and is solid at room temperature

what is an unsaturated fat

made of at least 1 double bond and liquid at room tempurature

ester linkage

bond that forms triglycerides

what are phospholipids composed of

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group bonded to glycerol

what are fatty acids

long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end

why are fatty acid tails hydrophobic

they are mostly made up of nonpolar carbon-hydrogen bonds

how does a cis double bond affect a fatty acid

it creates a bind or kink in the fatty acid chain

what structure fo phospholipids form in water

a bilayer

why do phospholipids form bilayers

they hydrophilic heads face water, while the hydrophobic tails point inwards away from the water

what are steroids

lipids with a structure made of four fused carbon rings

what is an example of a steroids

cholesterol

what is the monomer of proteins

amino acids

what is the alpha carbon

the central carbon in an amino acid attached to 4 different groups

what is protein folding

the process by which a protein takes on its functional 3D shape

why is protein shape important

protein function depends on its structure

what is denaturation

loss of protein structure

What causes denaturation

changes in pH, temperature, or ion concentrations

what are chaperonins

proteins that help other proteins fold

what are the steps of chaperonin action

1. an unfolded polypeptide enters the cylinder from one end

2. the cap attaches, causing the cylinder to change shape in such a way that it creates a hydrophilic environment for the folding of the polypeptide

3. the cap comes off and the properly folded protein is released

what is the unfolded protein response

this kicks on when unfolded protein count is too high

what is the function of nucleic acids

to store and transmit generic information

what is the monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotides

what are the polymers on nucleotides

DNA and RNA

what is central dogma

DNA will be transcribed into mRNA that translated into proteins

what is the basic structure of a nucleotide

nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate group

what is pyrimidine composed of

cytosine, thymine, and uracil

what is purine made of

guanine and adenine

what are three major types of RNA

mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), and rRNA (ribosomal)

how is RNA different than DNA

RNA is usually single stranded and can form 3D shapes

how is DNA read

5’→ 3’

how is DNA constructed

double stranded and antiparallel

what are sequence pairs

A-T/U and G-C

what connects nucleotides into nucleic acid chains

sugar phosphate backbones

what is the human genome project and what does the 1000 genome refer to

it is a project sequencing the human genome and it is the decreasing cost of sequencing a genome