PSY 1100 Introduction to Psychology Final Exam Study Guide

These flashcards cover key terms and definitions that are critical for the PSY 1100 exam.

Psychology

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Critical Thinking

The ability to analyze and evaluate an issue in order to form a judgment.

Wilhelm Wundt

Considered the father of psychology; established the first psychology laboratory.

Biological Approach

Focuses on the physical aspects of psychology, including brain structures and biochemical processes.

Cognitive Approach

Emphasizes mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving.

Theory vs. Hypothesis

A theory is a well-substantiated explanation, while a hypothesis is a testable prediction that comes first.

Descriptive Research

A type of research that provides a detailed account of a phenomenon.

Correlational Research

Research that examines the relationship between two variables without manipulating them.

Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment.

Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured in an experiment.

Neurons

The basic building blocks of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting information.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses between neurons.

Plasticity

The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections.

Cognition

The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding.

Cognitive Dissonance

The mental discomfort experienced when holding two or more conflicting beliefs.

Psychoactive Drugs

Chemical substances that affect the brain's functioning.

Addiction

A psychological and physical inability to stop consuming a substance.

Memory Encoding

The process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.

Retrieval

The process of recalling information stored in memory.

Personality

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

Self-Efficacy

Belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations.

Stigma

A mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance.

Empathy

The ability to understand and share the feelings of another.

Behaviorism

A learning theory that focuses only on observable behaviors.

Coping

The process of managing stress and difficult situations.

Altruism

The selfless concern for the well-being of others.