unit test

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development – Children learn in four stages as they grow.

Sensorimotor Stage – Babies learn through senses and actions.

Object Permanence – Knowing things exist even when unseen.

Preoperational Stage – Kids use symbols but lack logic.

Conservation – Understanding that amounts stay the same despite shape changes.

Egocentrism – Seeing the world only from one’s own view.

Theory of Mind – Knowing others have thoughts different from yours.

Concrete Operational Stage – Kids think logically about real objects.

Formal Operational – Thinking abstractly and solving complex problems.

Lev Vygotsky – A psychologist who studied learning through social interaction.

Zone of Proximal Development – The gap between what you can do alone and with help.

Attachment – A strong emotional bond with a caregiver.

Imprinting – When some animals form early attachments.

Critical Period – A key time for learning important skills.

Harry Harlow – Studied attachment in monkeys using cloth and wire mothers.

Mary Ainsworth Strange Situation – A test that shows how babies react to caregivers leaving.

Secure Attachment – Feeling safe and trusting a caregiver.

Insecure Attachment – Feeling anxious or avoiding a caregiver.

Parenting Styles – Different ways parents raise their kids.

Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Reasoning – How people make moral choices at different ages.

Preconventional – Based on rewards and punishments.

Conventional – Based on rules and approval.

Post Conventional – Based on personal values and justice.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages – Eight life challenges that shape personality.

Trust v Mistrust – Learning to trust others as a baby.

Autonomy v Shame & Doubt – Learning independence as a toddler.

Initiative v Guilt – Learning to take action without guilt.

Industry v Inferiority – Gaining confidence in skills.

Identity v Role Confusion – Figuring out who you are.

Intimacy v Isolation – Building close relationships.

Generativity v Stagnation – Contributing to society or feeling stuck.

Integrity v Despair – Looking back on life with pride or regret.

Zygote – A fertilized egg.

Teratogens – Harmful substances affecting unborn babies.

Embryo – An early stage of baby development.

Maturation – Natural growth over time.

Longitudinal Study – Studying the same people over time.

Cross-sectional Study – Comparing different age groups at once.

Operational Definition – A clear way to measure a variable.

Case Study – A deep study of one person or group.

Naturalistic Observation – Watching behavior in a natural setting.

Survey – Asking people questions to collect data.

Population – The group being studied.

Random Sample – A randomly chosen group from a population.

Experimentation – Testing cause-and-effect relationships.

IV – The factor being changed in an experiment.

DV – The factor being measured in an experiment.

Random Assignment – Randomly placing participants in groups.

Learning – Gaining knowledge or skills over time.

Habituation – Getting used to a repeated stimulus.