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Life Expectancy
Very low during the Renaissance due to contaminated water and diseases.
Agricultural Society
Most people were poor farmers in agricultural areas.
Religious Beliefs
Predominantly Catholic, with beliefs in spirits and supernatural elements.
Renaissance
A period of rebirth and celebration of human potential (1400-1499).
Printing Press
Revolutionized access to reading material, making it cheaper and more efficient.
Compass
Allowed sailors to navigate and determine direction.
Gunpowder
Used for intimidation and trade during the Renaissance.
Prince Henry the Navigator
Promoted Portuguese exploration and shipbuilding.
African Slave Trade
Began during the Renaissance; slavery was not hereditary at this time.
Christopher Columbus
Sailed for Spain in 1492, did not discover America, but initiated European interest in the New World.
Indigenous Population
Millions lived in America before Columbus; diseases from Europeans decimated their numbers.
Truths/Myths about Columbus
He revealed the world was larger than thought; he did not discover the world was round.
Reasons for Colonization
Profit, land, opportunity, and religious conversion (3Gs:Gold, Glory, God).
Native American Beliefs
Respected nature, had rituals, and did not believe in private property.
Government Structures
Varied among Native American tribes; some were matrilineal, others patrilineal.
Explorers after Columbus
Included Las Casas, Magellan, Cortes, De Vaca, Coronado, De Soto, and Balboa.
Columbian Exchange
Exchange of goods, ideas, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.
Mercantilism
Economic policy linking politics and economics; richer nations were more powerful.
Intentional Exotics
Horses, pigs, and wheat introduced to the New World.
Unintentional Exotics
Weeds and diseases brought from the Old World.
Quakers
Settled in Pennsylvania, known for their pacifism and religious tolerance.
Puritan Society
Centered around family, religion, and a lack of separation between church and state.
Anne Hutchinson
Challenged Puritan beliefs, leading to her exile for heretical views.
Metacom’s War
Conflict between Native Americans and Puritans, resulting in significant casualties and destruction.
Salem Witch Trials
Resulted from societal changes and fear, leading to mass hysteria and accusations of witchcraft.
John Smith
Key figure in Jamestown, forced colonists to work and improved relations with Native Americans.
Indentured Servants
Individuals who worked for a set number of years in exchange for passage to America.
Bacon’s Rebellion
A revolt against the Virginia government, highlighting class tensions and land disputes.
Triangular Trade
Trade system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas involving goods and enslaved people.
Slave Life
Enslaved individuals formed families and communities despite legal restrictions on marriage.
Great Awakening
Religious revival that emphasized personal faith and challenged traditional church authority.
Seven Years War
Conflict between British and French empires, leading to territorial changes in North America.
Proclamation of 1763
Restricted colonial expansion west of the Appalachian Mountains to protect Native lands.
No Taxation Without Representation
Colonial response to British taxes, emphasizing the need for representation in Parliament.
Sons of Liberty
Group formed to resist British taxation and promote colonial rights.
Note 
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