his1301 lecture

Scarlet Hornberger

Professor Walters

History 1301

29 August 2024

Lecture 1 Chapter 1 Notes

Europe and The Renaissance - (1400 - 1499)

Life expectancy was very low. Water was contaminated which led to lots of diseases and poor hygiene. Most people at this time were farmers because the areas were very agricultural. They were not big farms, they were very poor workers. Most people in Europe were catholic and they believed in God (Christian). People also believed in spirits, supernatural, maleficium*, witches, etc. Renaissance = Rebirth, time of hope, celebration of human possibility. Most people couldn't read before the printing press was invented. Only a few people had access to reading material. Big three inventions are the printing press, compass, gunpowder. The printing press spread information because it made copies more efficiently and cheaper. Compass allowed sailors to know which direction they were traveling in. Gunpowder was used for intimidation and trade. Prince Henry “the Navigator,” promoted Portugal to learn shipbuilding and geography. They traveled to Africa and saw slaves (African Slave Trade). Slavery wasn't hereditary at this time of the Renaissance era. Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean in 1492. He had three ships, he sailed for Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. If he finds resources or riches, it goes to them or Spain. This benefitted them by giving them money and spreading religion. Columbus did NOT discover America. Millions of Indigenous people were in America first which is why Columbus didn't discover it. He went back to Europe, spread the word, and there was a chain migration to America. He informed people about the area. Diseases that existed were smallpox, common cold, etc. This killed about 50 percent of the population within the first 10 years. After 50 years, only 10 percent of the population was left. The elderly population were the first ones to die, which is why a lot of traditions and practices weren’t continued. This also led to a loss of religion. The gods were not helping and people wanted to try to pray to God, which converted a lot of natives to Christian/Catholic religion.

Truths/Myths about Columbus:

T - He showed that the world was 4 times bigger than people thought it was.

M - He did not figure out the world was round. He succeeded because of guns.

People were upset that their leaders didn't do more. Big three diseases: loss of religion, life, and authority.

maleficium** you can cause bad things to happen

Reasons for Colonization

People traveled on trips for profit, land for you and the people, opportunity, missionaries.

Big six- Quest for resources, greed (3Gs), expansion for their country (Spain), fame, curiosity, religious conversion.

Native Ways of Life

Commonalities: with Europeans and different indigenous/native american peoples. Called the “New World.” Columbus titles these people as Indians, which stuck for hundreds of years. From his perspective, they were all lumped together and he did not know the difference. They also believed in spirits and the supernatural. They did not have the concept of private property like the Europeans did. They respected nature because it gave them resources and gifts. They had rituals for harvests, planting, ending droughts, etc. Animals were protected from overkilling. They wanted to make sure they didn't run out and they only killed animals for food and for rituals.

Differences:

There were no ruling classes, but there were different types of government. Some governments were matrilineal (inheritance of women) and some were patrilineal (inheritance of men).

They were not christian yet, some were polytheistic. Some believed in many gods, rain, hunt, etc. Different religions had different views of creation stories that connected to their origin. People ate different types of food and crops depending on where they were in America. People had been in America for generations. They set up their own societies and cultures (maya, aztecs, etc). They had enemies amongst themselves. With European contact, they had to become allies or take over to go against Europe.

Explorers after Columbus

Las Casas: West Indies (Haidi, Dominican Republic, Porterico)

• Deviation of the Indies, he writes about the death of the people from diseases and the Spanish and how they are being enslaved. He writes about how God can save them, pushing catholicism.

Magellan: Brazil, Argentina, Guam, Philippines

• Shows people that the world is even bigger than Columbus had said. They ran out of food, freshwater, etc.

Cortes: Central Mexico

• Nickname is Conquistador Conquer. He went into Mexico and tried to conquer it. He won over the Maya.

De Vaca: Florida to Arizona

Coronado: Southwest and Great Plains

De Soto: Mississippi River and Ohio River

Balboa: Pacific Ocean and lands touching it

Day 2 Lecture

The Columbian Exchange

Mercantilism: the country can make policies to affect the nation's economy. Connecting politics with economics. Richer = More powerful than other countries. This carries into the American Revolution because they made laws to control the country’s economy.

From the Old World:

Intentional Exotics - horses, pigs, wheat

Unintentional Exotics - “weeds”, diseases

From the New World: sugar, tobacco, cacao

Chap 2

Non-Spanish Explorers

French: Verrazzano

• North Carolina to Maine

Cartier

• St. Lawrence River to the Great Lakes

Champlain

• Great Lakes through MS River

English: Cabot

• Labrador

Gilbert

• Plymouth to Newfound Land
• Puritans

Raleigh

• Virginia and the Carolinas
• The “Lost Colony” of Roanoke
• Virginia Company

Interaction

New Spain (NM, Southwest): Native labor, encomiendas, Catholicism

Some natives fought back, ran away, did what they asked to do, they had to do what they needed to do to survive. They believed they could use natives as labors through conquest. They gave catholicism in exchange.

New France: Fur Trade, Catholicism

They become part of the native communities and promoted catholicism, but not to the extent of the Spanish

New Netherlands: Trade

BEIC, British Ships to use for trade. Henry Hudson -> Hudson River. They traded for land.

Clash of Cultures

Native people and Spanish people viewed “saviors” differently.

Absence of domesticated animals:

• Native Americans did not domesticate animals. They did not see it as being poor, they saw it as nature doing it’s thing and having a gift from nature.

Usufruct rights to the land:

• Native Americans thought they had the right to use the materials and resources on the land. Europeans believed they were worthy which is how they got land.

Exploitation of Labor:

• Pueblo Revolt (New Spain)

Daily life changed by:

-Material goods, forests, animals

Four Areas of English Colonies

New England (Early 17th Century) - Massachusetts

The Chesapeake (Early 17th century) - Virginia, Maryland Area

Middle Colonies (Middle and Late 17th Century) - New York and New Jersey, Pennsylvania

The Lower South (Middle and Late 17th Century) - Carolinas, Georgia

Puritan Settlement of New England

Foundations: Theological wing (religion, way of life)

• Protestant (Christian but not Catholic)

Political Wing

• Henry VIII - Purify the Church of England. He does not like how the Catholic church is rich. He wants to get divorced so he makes his own church (Church of England/Anglican). He is now the head and he will get more money, power, and land. Puritans want to purify the church.
• Charles I - Puritans want to purify the English Government.

Johnathan Winthrop and the Massachusetts Bay Colony 1629-1643

• Government both “civil and ecclesiastical”
• Puritans crossed the Atlantic ocean and they made their city upon a hill, a place where puritans get to live.
• Law of Nature and Law of the Gospel- how they base their values. Golden rule.
• Covenant of Works and Covenant of Grace. Humans are sinful and everyone deserves to go to hell. God is going to save whom he chooses to save.

Puritan Paradoxes

• Believed in religious freedom, which is why they settled in America. They are free to worship their religion.
• Predestination. Even before you are born, God has already decided if you are going to heaven or hell, it was already decided. No matter what you do, it doesn't affect where you end up.
• They accused her of being a witch and they tried to make her admit it. They ask her about the bible
• Hierarchy for Control. God doesn't have hierarchy, but in everyday life there is hierarchy. Everyone knows who they fall into line. Ministers are at the top, which means they are in charge of everyone else.

Puritan Settlement of New England

• Johnathan Wintrhrop and the Massachusetts Bay

Chapter 3 -

Puritan Society

Goal: to do good, to do God’s work. They Love of God above all else. (new England)

Family as economic and legal system:

• Fathers/Ministers as head of community, love vs discipline for children, family at the center of society
• there is no separation between church and state
• Kids would swap so that the parents weren't too attached to their kid. If the parents loved their kid too much then God would be mad.
• Anne Hutchinson: Boston, 1634. She is married and people thought she was Puritan. Arminianism. She is opposed to predestination, which is against Puritans. Antinomian - going against law. She says that salvation is determined by faith and not actions and the way you go to heaven is developing a relationship with God and accepting Him as your savior.
• She was a threat to Puritan society because of her heretical beliefs. They did not execute her, but they did exile her. Rhode Island is where she moved to, which had much more religious freedom.
• Metacom’s (King Philip’s) War: 1675:1676
• “Christian Indians” - John Sassamon
• Three wampanoags kill him because he is a traitor. The puritans don't think it is right and they kill the three wampanoags that killed John.
• Fourteen months of fighting
• Swamp Warfare vs Civilized Warfare. Native Americans burned down houses, had sneak attacks, and stole Puritans clothes. They played mind games. Stealing clothes stole their nobility. Guerilla Warfare.
• This fight ended when Metacom died. Significance: Why was God so mad at them? Why did they lose? They thought they let the devil into salem. 1/16 of the English population died. 25 English towns were ruined. The settlements keep on growing and the puritans are still trying to get others to convert.
• Salem Witch Trials: (1692-1693)
• Metacom war led to Witch Trials
• Puritans were there for almost half a century. But then there were changes (economic)
• Changes in Puritan Society, Tituba. Each of the ancestors get a certain amount of land from heritance. Some people find new jobs (merchants, businessman) and that's how people made their money.
• Tituba: Barbados, she comes and she has different ways of life (voodoo/conjuring) During the winter, a lot of people were questioning. They couldn't read and therefore they couldn't read the bible.
• 150 were accused of being witches. (Older people, people who didnt fit into society, easy targets, accused people with land, wifes of people someone wanted to marry.) Once they confess, they get to live and they accuse someone else, the cycle continues. Guilty until proven innocent. Reciting commandments was one of those big ones. Birthmarks or scars were “devil's mark.” The more you resist, the more that they think you are a witch. Things they saw were holding them up in court.
• Results: gave girls power, showed mass hysteria from Indian Wars, changes in society, 19 people were hanged and one was pressed. This was a huge difference in puritan society and now people were more worried about the girls' decisions and not the mens.

Savior or Spectacle

• Pocahontas:
• Virginia Company’s Goal: do well, joint-stock company -Jamestown, Virginia 1607
• Not much about God but more about making money.
• John Smith
• Starving and Surviving Times: They went to Virginia and faced a lot of challenges (diseases, natives, storms) so they resort to cannibalism since it is the only food available. There is a lot of wildlife, but the English didn't know what they can or can't eat. They ran into the “Starving Times” because the wrong people went. They did not know how to do anything. The people with specific skills survived because of John Smith, he was a hero. He is forcing the men to work so that they could eat. He forced them to hunt and to grow things. He improved the relationship with the Natives. Tobacco was one of the largest crops in Virginia.
• John Rolfe - learned to grow tobacco as a cash crop, which is how people got their money
• Colony- new territory, owned by a mother country, job is to make money for the mother country. Virginia was the colony so the English had to make money. These made laws for Virginia and England. The English Gov gets worried because tobacco is unhealthy and they were concerned. But they were desperate because making money was most important. To grow crops you need: land, water, people (labor).
• Indentured Servants:Poor Englishmen, women, children, they want to come to America but cannot afford the passage. Someone will pay for them to pay for their passage, then they work for the person who paid for their passage for 7 years. They are not slaves, their work is owned for 7 years. Labor as a commodity. Can be bought or sold.
• colonizer, colonization, colonists

Chesapeake 1640-1670 (Maryland and Virginia)

• The Elite (English rich white men. Land, money and power.)
• They are starting to see land scarcity. The only land they could get was traveling west but now they have conflict with the Native Americans. Settlement is permanent and growing.
• Slow growth of Slavery - there are Africans in Virginia but there are not a lot. That was not the main form of labor. Middle Passage - route across the Atlantic, Africa to Americas. Slaves traveled on ships through this passage, to be a slave in America.
• “Quick Growth of Scary Losers” - technical term for Former indentured servants. This is after they are done with their 7 years, but now they have nothing. No one owned anything to them. They were scary because they wanted land, money and power and since they were English they had rights to guns, weapons, etc, and there were a lot of former indentured servants. ‘

Was Slavery Racial

• Not all slaves were black, some Natives were enslaved.
• Not all blacks were slaves.
• Some freedmen had their own slaves or indentured servants. If you had a lot of money you could, and it didn't matter if you were black or white
• Blacks and indentured servants socialized and had interracial sex (miscegenation), it was legal
• Status based on money at this time and not color.
• Slavery did not immediately replace servants.

Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676, Virginia

• Ingredients: land, poor men, bacon.
• Triggers: War Party, Conflict with Western Natives, No Cooperation from Berkely.
• Actions: March on Jamestown, Attacks on Indians and then on English Government, Rebellion against the English Government.
• Nathaniel Bacon, English Man,
• Blacks and whites that wanted more land (poor and rich). They started moving westward. They eventually told the Governor and tried to convince him to have a big war party. He said no and he was scared that the Natives would attack back. They march upon Jamestown trying to pursue him. They attack anyways even though Berkely said not to. Then after, Bacon turns to the English Government. He tried to overthrow the government. He died from dysentery. This rebellion was against his own government.

Bacon Rebellion Continued

• Significance: Power of Elite-Plantocracy, Expanded Voting rights.
• Plantocracy - Planters and Atocracy
• Poor men were unhappy so the elite expanded voting rights to the poor.
• Slave labor - permanent labors won't try to get the land, then there is no need for indentured servants. They tried to separate whites and blacks. Blacks became slaves and whites joined together.
• Rebellion against the government. They asked the gov for help and to keep their rights/property. 100 years later it happens again (American Rev).

Chapter 4

Middle Colonies

• New York and New Jersey, Pennsylvania
• Ethically and religiously diverse, gives more exposure
• Different forms of labor: slavery, indentured servitude, free labor
• Free labor: not a slave or indentured server, free to work or to not work (choice), still got money
• Feudal Estates - NY and NJ develop similar to England. -> American Revolution (NY is tied to England because they are similar).
• Quakers settled in Pennsylvania (religious community) - women were literate so they could read the bible. Quakers are pacifists. William Penn purchased land from natives. They did not believe in war.
• Farmland - fertile soil, right amount of water, lot healthier than other colonies, less diseases.

Lower South

• Carolinas: Slavery from the beginning, grows large black population, 1750: as many blacks as whites. Ratio was 8:1.
• Using slaves to cultivate rice. (Task labor system: given a task and it is your job to finish it that day.)
• Wealthy amd elite classes (4x richer), got money from agriculture. Some move back to England because they are so rich.
• Gullah - language (african and english language mixed). Development of this language to communicate with both English and African.
• Georgia: Utopia, “heaven on earth.”
• Buffer between Spanish and English.
• Very little/limite trade with Indians. There is no need to exploit their labor. Very dry colony. Late 1600- Georgia did not have alcohol.
• At first, slavery was prohibited. You can't be living in “paradise” if there are slaves. Then they realized that in the Carolinas (which had slaves), were more rich and they wanted to lift the law. They realized that since they were jealous of another colony, it wasn't truly “heaven on paradise.”
• Middle Passage was African Slave Trade. Africa -> America.

Introduction of Slavery

• Trade between Europeans and Africans. Traded goods, ideas, and people.
• Europe- Textiles, cloths, metals (spoons, needles),
• Africa - Gold, Silver, Ivory, People
• America- Raw materials, cotton, sugar, people
• Triangular trade and Middle Passage (Europe, Africa, and Americas)
• Treating people as property, some people went overboard because she thought that was better than slavery.

Slave Life

• Society with Slaves vs Slave Society
• Chesapeake - tobacco, bacon's rebellion - using slaves to make cents
• Lower South: Tobacco, rice and indigo
• Images of Slavery - Family, religion, acculturation, rebellion
• Slaves couldn't legally marry, they had traditional ceremonies (against the government). Masters had control of this.
• Not pushing christianity on slaves yet.

Changes in Society

• Population Growth
• Native American Population is not growing
• Increase of population through migration and by reproduction
• Changes in Social Class - based on money at first, then based on color
• South - Middling Sort, below the elites
• North - Movement to cities
• Natural Hierarchies - for control. Everyone knows where they belong and whom they are supposed to follow. Colonial Assemblies.
• God, King, People

Many People, Many Religions

• The South becomes a more cohesive culture (coming together)
• growing tobacco, not worried about famine because the crop is growing well. Life wasn't as hard. Women are going to come, churches grow. Powerful families joined together. Slavery as an institution grows. The Government makes more laws and it is more regulated and organized.
• New England becomes a less cohesive culture. Population Growth and overcrowding. Need for land, less control over family. The Puritan church was losing power.

The Great Awakening - 1730 to 1760

• Religious Revivals - people are interested in the Church again.
• George Whitefield - spread message throughout the colonies
• Message: you can ensure you go to heaven, instead of predestination, no need for ministers anymore
• Significance: Connected the colonies, pushed equality, called for organizing, created new institutions.

Part of a Trans-Atlantic World

• Economics: Triangular trade, mercantilism, navigation acts
• Colonist need to provide raw materials for England
• Colonists need to buy manufactured goods from England
• Colonists cant print their own currency
• Colonists can only trade with British and on British trips
• Culture: clothing, news, ideas

Seven Years War (1756-1763)

• French and Indian War (1754-1763)
• British vs French, they both want to expand their territory
• Indians sided with whoever they thought would give them land and win the war
• Results: Increase in English occupation, Pontiac Rebellion

Chapter 5

British Empire. 1763

• Results of 7 years war
• Treaty of Paris
• French land go to BritishBritish gets Florida from Spain, Spain will get land west of Mississippi and Caribbean and New Oreleans
• Pontiac’s Rebellion
• Proclamation of 1763 - land west of Appalachian mountains are reserved for Indians
• sent soldiers to enforce proclamation line
• Navigation acts
• Increasing colonial prosperity and population
• Rise of Colonial assemblies - what to tax, how much to tax and how much to send to the king. These people have a choice, it is a gift to the king.
• Idea and growth of republicanism - elections instead of kings.

Threats to English Liberties

• Reasons for Taxes: pay debts from seven years war, need to uphold proclamation line
• No taxation without representation: Justification - Virtual vs Actual Representation in Parliament

Reaction:

• Peaceful to Violent
• Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty
• Non-importation and non exportation
• Growth of patriotism
• Parliment declares that it can legislate for the colonies in all cases whatsoever, repealed stamp act but they can still make whatever acts they want for the colonists
• Sugar Act: 1764, Currency Act: 1764, Stamp Act: 1765
• Declaratory Acts (1766) and Quartering Acts (1767) - colonial assemblies need to apply supplies and barracks for the soldiers
• Townshend Acts: (Charles Townshend) tax on led, glass, paint, paper and tea

Paul Revere Engraving

• Bloody Massacre, British attacked colonists, 7 people died but everyone was unarmed

Tea Act 1773 - Bostom Tea Party, gives BEIC monopoly on tea trade