Russia+ Catholic church + trade

Apostolic succession

The teaching that bishops represent a direct, uninterrupted line of continuity from the first Apostles of Jesus Christ to today.

Papal infallibility

The belief that the Holy Spirit protects the Holy Pope from teaching error.

Pentecost

The event that marks the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles.

Edict of Milan

Granted religious liberty to those who practiced Christianity and other faiths.

First Council of Nicea

Held in 325 CE to discuss divisions in the church regarding the divine and human nature of Jesus Christ.

Arianism

The belief that Jesus is less than God and therefore not of the same substance.

Sacraments

Rituals recognized as imparting divine grace.

Transubstantiation

The belief that the substance of bread and wine changes into the body and blood of Christ during communion.

Confession

The sacrament of reconciliation in which one confesses sins to a priest.

Last rites

Sacraments given to a person who is near death.

Excommunication

Denying someone the right to participate in communion.

The Vulgate Bible

The first Latin translation of the Bible that became officially part of the church.

The Great Schism

The mutual ex-communication between the Eastern Orthodox and Western Roman Catholic church in 1054.

Feudalism

A system where land is exchanged for loyalty and service.

Serfs

Peasants who worked the land and are bound to it.

Manorialism

An economic system based on the lord’s manor and the work of serfs.

Indian Ocean Trade

Trade routes connecting the Swahili coast, Middle East, India, China, and SE Asia.

Monsoon winds

Seasonal winds that greatly affected trade in the Indian Ocean.

Triangular lateen sail

An Islamic innovation that improved sailing capabilities by enabling ships to navigate better using wind.

Umayyad Dynasty

A Muslim dynasty that ruled from 661 to 750 CE.

Abbasid Dynasty

Muslim dynasty that ruled from 750 to 1258 CE.

Tang Dynasty

Chinese dynasty from 618 to 907 that encouraged maritime trade.

Song Dynasty

Chinese dynasty from 960 to 1279 known for its naval advancements.

Chola Empire

An empire that grew wealthy and luxurious due to trade from the 3rd century BC.

Moscow

City that became prominent under the influence of the Mongols.

Grand Prince

Title given to the rulers of Moscow under Mongol rule.

Ivan III

Ruler who asserted Russian independence and expanded its power.

Ivan IV 'Ivan the Terrible'

First ruler to establish autocracy in Russia and reform the army.

Boyars

Nobility in Russia whose power Ivan IV sought to break.

Mongol Empire

Established the Khanate of the Golden Horde, which encompassed Russia.

Kievan Rus

A powerful city-state believed to be settled by Slavic people around the Black Sea.

Appanage Russia

Term for the form of Russian nobility and princely rule prior to full unification.

Excommunication

The act of denying someone the right to participate in the church's sacraments.