Apostolic succession: The teaching that bishops represent a direct, uninterrupted line of continuity from the first Apostles of Jesus Christ to today.
Papal infallibility: The belief that the Holy Spirit protects the Holy Pope from teaching error. (Aka he is never wrong)
Pentecost:
*313 CE The Edict of Milan: Granted religious liberty to those who practiced Christianity and other faiths.
*325 CE First Council of Nicea: To discuss the divisions in the church over the question of the divine and human nature of Jesus Christ and Arianism. The Nicea Creed talks about what all Christians should practice spiritually.
Modern-day turkey
Arias talks about the Trinity saying that Jesus is less than God and therefore not the same. This created Arianism
A search for orthodoxy
Acraments
Baptism
Conformation
Communion
Transubstantiation: even though the physical property of the bread/body changes the meaning does not
Confession
Last rites
Holy orders
Marriage
Excommunication: denying the right of communion
*382 CE The Vulgate Bible: The first Latin translation of the Bible which was officially part of the church
*1054 The Great Schism: Mutual ex-communication between the Eastern Orthodox and Western Roman Catholic church
Not resolved until 1965
Each believed they were the direct continuation of the original church
Feudalism
Exchange land for loyalty to subordinates
Church own all land; divide up to different king; king divide land to nobels; nobel divide lands to knights; knights give lands serfs
Serfs are the peasants that work the land
Serfs are bound to the land
Serfs are not enslaved but not exactly free either
The church owned majority of the land
Manorialism
Emphasized the rural economy within a lord’s manor. If serfs work the land, they get religious praises and burial rights. Church is more than a religion; the churchs affected the economy of Europe
Trade routes connected Swahili coast cities, Middle East, India, China, SE Asia, and NOT Europe
Wide range of resources available and wide range of resource needs
Reliance on monsoon winds
Occur regularly and are predictable
Low risk = more trade
Trade was dominated by Muslim merchants (specifically the merchants had money to build the ships)
Merchants controlled trade not politics
Allowed for trade in bulk and creation of mass market
Africa - Timber, animal hides, ivory gold
China - Silk and porcelain
India - Cotton cloth
Islamic - Coffee, books, weapons
Technology:
China - Magnetic Compass
Muslim Sailors - Astrolabe made navigation possible by stars
Islamic World - Triangular lateen sail allowed ships to use the wind to propel ships forward. Islam spread via the Indian Ocean Trade
Medieval Era (499-1450 CE)
Trade is in the Indian Ocean Basin
Rise of Umayyad (661-750 CE) and Abbasid (750-1258) Dynasties-religious-political governments on the Arabian Peninsula
Provided a powerful Western structure for trade routes
Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1279) China
Encouraged maritime trade
Song created a navy to control piracy
Chola Empire (3rd century BC)
Grew in wealth and luxury due to trade
Srivijaya Empire (7th-13th)
Boomed based solely on taxing trade vessels
Angkor civilization (800-1317)
Used Mekong River to connect with the Indian Ocean
1498
Portuguese Vasco de gama in indian ocean
Portuguese enter as pirates rather than traders due to lack of items to trade
Seize ports and rob foreign merchant ships
1602
Dutch East India Company
Desired total monopoly on spices
1680
British East India Company
Challenged Dutch
**Goods began to move solely to Europe while Asian markets collapsed
Tang/Song China
before the Russian empire…
Kievan Rus
Kiev was a powerful city-state
believe to have been settled by Slavic people from around the Black Sea
trade important to Kiev
importance of agriculture
relationship to land determines social status and tax burden
Tax dept?
bonded to land you farmed for life
Ruler called the Grand Prince
Model for future Russian Kings
Became Byzantine Christians
Rule
Known as Appanage(Princedom) Russia
Established as Khanate of the Golden Horde(Mongol empire established in 12th century that encompassed Russia)
+ Isolated Russia from Byzantines and Europe
**How did Mongols create prominence for Moscow and its princes?
-Muscovite(Moscow) Princes given title of Grande Prince
- Grande Princes able to collect tribute on behalf of Khan
- Money = increased
Influence
- Mongol fought enemies on behalf of russian
Russians
Moscow able to defeat Mongols in late 14th century
Victory strengthened idea of a unified Russia; added stability
Muscovite princes usually have sons, soo no struggle for succession
15th century Muscovite civil war
Basil vs Basil
Basil II win(crossed-eyed and blind)
Rule followed by Ivan III
Asserted Russian independence
Expanded Russian power
Ivan IV “Ivan the Terrible”
Beginning of Russia autocracy
- Beginning of rules….
Reformed the army
Established a council of representatives
- Second half of rule…
Goal to break power of nobility (Boyars)
Established secret police
Established absolute monarchy