Russia+ Catholic church + trade

Catholic Church

• Apostolic succession: The teaching that bishops represent a direct, uninterrupted line of continuity from the first Apostles of Jesus Christ to today.

• Papal infallibility: The belief that the Holy Spirit protects the Holy Pope from teaching error. (Aka he is never wrong)

• Pentecost: 

• *313 CE The Edict of Milan: Granted religious liberty to those who practiced Christianity and other faiths.

• *325 CE First Council of Nicea: To discuss the divisions in the church over the question of the divine and human nature of Jesus Christ and Arianism. The Nicea Creed talks about what all Christians should practice spiritually.

  • Modern-day turkey

  • Arias talks about the Trinity saying that Jesus is less than God and therefore not the same. This created Arianism

  • A search for orthodoxy

  • Acraments

    • Baptism

    • Conformation

    • Communion

      • Transubstantiation: even though the physical property of the bread/body changes the meaning does not

    • Confession

    • Last rites

    • Holy orders

    • Marriage

    • Excommunication: denying the right of communion

• *382 CE The Vulgate Bible: The first Latin translation of the Bible which was officially part of the church

• *1054 The Great Schism: Mutual ex-communication between the Eastern Orthodox and Western Roman Catholic church

  • Not resolved until 1965

  • Each believed they were the direct continuation of the original church

• Feudalism

  • Exchange land for loyalty to subordinates

  • Church own all land; divide up to different king; king divide land to nobels; nobel divide lands to knights; knights give lands serfs

    • Serfs are the peasants that work the land

    • Serfs are bound to the land

    • Serfs are not enslaved but not exactly free either

  • The church owned majority of the land

• Manorialism

  • Emphasized the rural economy within a lord’s manor. If serfs work the land, they get religious praises and burial rights. Church is more than a religion; the churchs affected the economy of Europe

Indian Ocean Trade

• Trade routes connected Swahili coast cities, Middle East, India, China, SE Asia, and NOT Europe

  • Wide range of resources available and wide range of resource needs

  • Reliance on monsoon winds

    • Occur regularly and are predictable

    • Low risk = more trade

• Trade was dominated by Muslim merchants (specifically the merchants had money to build the ships)

  • Merchants controlled trade not politics

• Allowed for trade in bulk and creation of mass market

• Africa - Timber, animal hides, ivory gold

• China - Silk and porcelain

• India - Cotton cloth

• Islamic - Coffee, books, weapons

• Technology:

  • China - Magnetic Compass

  • Muslim Sailors - Astrolabe made navigation possible by stars

  • Islamic World - Triangular lateen sail allowed ships to use the wind to propel ships forward. Islam spread via the Indian Ocean Trade

• Medieval Era (499-1450 CE)

  • Trade is in the Indian Ocean Basin

  • Rise of Umayyad (661-750 CE) and Abbasid (750-1258) Dynasties-religious-political governments on the Arabian Peninsula

    • Provided a powerful Western structure for trade routes

  • Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1279) China

    • Encouraged maritime trade

    • Song created a navy to control piracy

  • Chola Empire (3rd century BC)

    • Grew in wealth and luxury due to trade

  • Srivijaya Empire (7th-13th)

    • Boomed based solely on taxing trade vessels

  • Angkor civilization (800-1317)

    •  Used Mekong River to connect with the Indian Ocean

1498

• Portuguese Vasco de gama in indian ocean

• Portuguese enter as pirates rather than traders due to lack of items to trade

  • Seize ports and rob foreign merchant ships

1602

• Dutch East India Company

  • Desired total monopoly on spices

1680

• British East India Company

  • Challenged Dutch

**Goods began to move solely to Europe while Asian markets collapsed

Tang/Song China

Russia empire

• before the Russian empire…

•  Kievan Rus

• Kiev was a powerful city-state

• believe to have been settled by Slavic people from around the Black Sea

•  trade important to Kiev

• importance of agriculture

• relationship to land determines social status and tax burden

• Tax dept?

• bonded to land you farmed for life

• Ruler called the Grand Prince

• Model for future Russian Kings

• Became Byzantine Christians

•  Rule

• Known as Appanage(Princedom) Russia

• Established as Khanate of  the Golden Horde(Mongol empire established in 12th century that encompassed Russia)

+ Isolated Russia from Byzantines and Europe

**How did Mongols create prominence for Moscow and its princes?

-Muscovite(Moscow) Princes given title of Grande Prince

- Grande Princes able to collect tribute on behalf of Khan

- Money = increased

Influence

-  Mongol fought enemies on behalf of russian

Russians

• Moscow able to defeat Mongols in late 14th century

• Victory strengthened idea of a unified Russia; added stability

• Muscovite princes usually have sons, soo no  struggle for succession

• 15th century Muscovite civil war

• Basil vs Basil

• Basil II win(crossed-eyed and blind)

• Rule followed by Ivan III

• Asserted Russian independence

• Expanded Russian power

• Ivan IV “Ivan the Terrible”

• Beginning of Russia autocracy

- Beginning of rules….

• Reformed the army

• Established a council of representatives

- Second half of rule…

• Goal to break power of nobility (Boyars)

• Established secret police

• Established absolute monarchy