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False Advertising
Involves using misleading, incorrect, or deceptive statements in marketing to persuade consumers to buy a product or service.
Misleading Product Claims
Claiming a product can do something it cannot, e.g., a supplement that claims to 'cure' an illness.
Bait-and-Switch
Advertising a product at an attractive low price to draw in customers and then pressuring them to buy a higher-priced item when the original item is unavailable.
Misrepresentation of Ingredients or Quality
Making false claims about what a product contains, like claiming a product is 'all-natural' while containing artificial ingredients.
False Comparisons
Making misleading comparisons between products, e.g., claiming an energy drink provides '10 times more energy than coffee' without scientific support.
Misleading Pricing
Advertising incorrect discounts, falsely implying a better deal, such as a retailer listing a 'discount' price that is actually the regular price.
Charm Pricing
A psychological pricing strategy where prices ending in .99 appear cheaper.
Price Skimming
Charging the highest initial price that customers will pay and lowering it over time.
False Discounts
Marketing a discount based on an inflated original price.
Hidden Fees
Disclosing additional mandatory fees only at the final checkout stage.
Price Comparison Fraud
Misrepresenting a competitor's price as higher than it is.
Shrinkflation
Keeping the same price while reducing the quantity or quality of the product.
Overlapping Sales
Continuously extending sales promotions to mislead customers into thinking they are getting limited-time offers.
Time-Limited Offers
Marketing offers as limited-time deals when they run indefinitely.
Price Gouging
Charging excessively high prices during emergencies when options are limited.
Predatory Pricing
Temporarily lowering prices to outcompete rivals and then raising them once competition is diminished.
Price Fixing
Colluding with competitors to maintain artificially high prices.
Drip Pricing
Initially presenting a low price but gradually adding costs throughout the purchasing process.