unit 8 early republic - adams, jefferson, madison

Democratic-Republicans

one of the first two political parties in the US; supported rule by the people; strong state government, economy based on agriculture; strict interpretation of the Constitution, French alliance and were opposed to the National Bank; leaders were Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

Federalists

one of the first two political parties in the US; supported rule by the wealthy; strong federal government; economy based on manufacturing; loose interpretation of the Constitution, British alliance and supported the National Bank; leaders were Alexander Hamilton and John Adams

John Adams

2nd POTUS; Federalists; served only one term; dealt with the XYZ Affair; approved the Alien and Sedition Acts and eventually made peace with France

XYZ Affair

Incident in which French agents demanded a bribe U.S. diplomats in exchange for discussing an agreement that French would no longer attack American ships; led Congress to cancel all treaties with France and prepare for war (eventually settled without war)

Alien and Sedition Acts

A series of laws passed during John Adams administration that sought to restrict the activities of people who opposed Federalist policies; Alien Acts targeted French immigrants who sided with Democratic Republicans and the Sedition Acts made it illegal to criticize the government and its policies (violation of 1st amendment)

Election of 1800

Adams, Jefferson, and Burr: Adams lost, Jefferson and Burr tied, Hamilton convinced other Federalists to vote for Jefferson to break the tie

Thomas Jefferson

3rd POTUS; Democratic-Republican; took steps to reduce the size and power of the federal government including reducing size of military and reducing number of federal employees

Midnight Judges

judges appointed to Supreme Court by Adams in the last days of his presidency to retain Federalist power in the Judicial Brnach; John Marshall among those appointed

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams; under his leadership the court established the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Judicial review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

1803

Louisiana Purchase

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France; Jefferson hesitated before agreeing to purchase the land for $15 million because it was not a power granted in the Constitution but eventually agreed to the deal which doubled the size of the US.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Emperor of France who sold the Louisiana Territory to the US in order to finance his wars

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition traveled up the Missouri River, across the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps (geographic info) of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries.

Meriwether Lewis

documented most of the plant and animal scientific discoveries while exploring the Louisiana Purchase

William Clark

A skilled mapmaker and outdoors man chosen to explore the Louisiana Territory; created accurate maps of the region

Sacagawea

She accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition and made important contributions to their success: she helped guide the expedition through unfamiliar territory and she helped translate when the expedition encountered Indian tribes.

Zebulon Pike

explored southern parts of Louisiana Territory and brought back descriptions of the Great Plains and Rio Grande Valley

Aaron Burr

Tied with Thomas Jefferson in the Electoral College in the Election of 1800; became VP when House of Representatives named Jefferson POTUS. He was a bitter opponent of Alexander Hamilton, whom he killed in a duel.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Jefferson and Madison wrote these protests in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts which they felt violated individual rights; they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

states rights

theory supported by Jefferson and Madison; the belief that states have the right to limit the power of the federal government and nullify federal laws the state considers unconstitutional

New Orleans

important port city at mouth of Mississippi River; Jefferson offered to buy it after it was closed to US but Napoleon offered to sell US all of Louisiana Territory instead

nullify

to repeal, cancel, render void

Embargo Act

Jefferson's plan to use trade as a weapon against France and Britain; cut off US trade with rest of the world; terrible results on American economy - farmers, shippers, merchants lost lots of money!

James Madison

POTUS \#4; Democratic-Republican; POTUS during War of 1812

impressment

kidnapping of sailors and forcing them into naval duty for another nation: what the British were doing to US sailors - one of the causes of the War of 1812

War Hawks

Congressmen who were urging war to be declared against the British in the early 1800s

Causes War of 1812

I-Impressment of US sailors

S- Ships were being attacked

S- Support to Native Americans

Francis Scott Key

wrote the Star Spangled Banner; inspired after he watched the all-night Battle of Fort McHenry

Battle of New Orleans

War of 1812 battle that was unnecessary because treaty had already been signed; Americans won the battle despite being outgunned and outmanned; important because US Gen. Andrew Jackson became a national hero

Treaty of Ghent

ended the War of 1812; neither US nor Great Britain gained any territory as a result of the war

Results of War of 1812

W- Weakened Native American resistance

I- Industry/manufacturing increased

N- Nationalism/patriotism for USA

Tecumseh

Native American chief who united Northwest tribes (Join or Die) against white settlement; allied with the British; was killed in Battle of Tippecanoe which caused the confederation of tribes to weaken

2 phases of War of 1812

1st: still fighting France; blockaded US coast

2nd: defeated France; turned attention on US

Andrew Jackson

hero of Battle of New Orleans; defeated British against great odds; became famous and will eventually become POTUS

Fort McHenry

battle here inspired Francis Scott Key to write the poem "The Star Spangled Banner" which would eventually be set to music and would become the US national anthem

Star Spangled Banner

US national anthem; written by Francis Scott Key after he witnessed the all night battle at Fort McHenry

Washington DC

US capital attacked by the British during the war of 1812; they burned the President's Executive Mansion (White House), the Capital Building and other important government buildings

Missouri River

Lewis and Clark traveled on the river until they found its source in the Rocky Mountains

Pacific Ocean

Lewis and Clark eventually reached this ocean

Rocky Mountains

Lewis and Clark crossed this mountain range first; they would also have to cross the Cascade Range before reaching the west coast

strict construction

way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take

elastic clause

a statement in the U.S. Constitution granting Congress the power to pass all laws" necessary and proper" for carrying out the enumerated list of powers.

1607

founding of Jamestown, Virginia; first permenant

1776

year Declaration of Independence was written; stated all men are created equal and have unalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness

1620

Pilgrims arrived and wrote the Mayflower Compact; based on ideas of self-government and majority rule

1787

year the US Constitution was written in Philadelphia establishing a new government with 3 branches